tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78163042676144538232024-02-20T14:19:31.615-08:00Essay writing for studentsTopic For Essay Writing For Class 6rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-39601397508873587602020-08-26T06:59:00.001-07:002020-08-26T06:59:14.712-07:00Literature Review BPMQuestion: Talk about theLiterature Review for BPM. Answer: Presentation The administration on the business framework follows the most developed strategies for the productive upgrade of the association before the general public and other serious associations. The Business Process Management (BPM) is a technique and a procedure of finding the adaptable targets which bolster the earth in various conditions. The working methodology of the association is found all the more productively in a successful way, so as to fulfill the whole techniques on the association. The business forms are the methodology and exercises for the best endurance and the executives of the association framework (Rouse, 2016). The way toward dealing with the business strategies, understood BPM engineering is executed for the accommodation of the administration. The framework may deal with the business procedure in a productive way. The design parts the administration procedure into the various divisions. At that point, the utilization of the advanced innovation on the BPM procedure give s incredible upgrade on the business. The straightforward work process weaving framework uses BPM framework in an association. This procedure may remember different effects for the administration procedure (Mondejar, 2017). The distributed computing contains the properties to tie BPM in a continuous savvy framework. Writing Review As per (Anand, Fosso Wamba and Gnanzou, 2013), the Business Process Management (BPM) started during 1990 and at present it for the most part spins and spotlights on the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Case Handling (CH), Customer Relation Management (CRM), Workflow the board (WFM), Enterprise Application Integration (EAI, etc. Further, the paper characterizes the BPM with the execution on new innovations. In this paper, the creators have explored different papers from the year 2005 to 2011 and the exploration confirms that the advancement pace of utilizing the utilizations of BPM, BPR, and BPI. According to (Jalali, 2016), the viewpoint direction expects to help the cross-cutting worries in process models. Numerous perspective direction methods are created. For instance, the angle direction in administration sythesis and necessity building. In any case, these are just produced for the basic procedure models. It is expressed in (Heravizadeh, 2009), that there were intends to build up a well known administration approach for the executives practice and data innovation. To begin with, it builds up the quality mindful life pattern of BPM. It chiefly centers around the quality in business process the board life cycle. Second, this proposed model that considers the structure to plan the quality prerequisites for the business procedure model. It is important to plan these necessities as a lot of quantifiable components. At that point, the proposed technique at long last considers the issues of value in the business forms. This lead to build up the main driver investigation strategy to discover the issues identified with quality. As indicated by (Lahajnar and RoÃ¥ ¾anec, 2016), the base up approach is utilized for persistent improvement of the business forms in todays associations. For the persistent improvement of business forms, different methodologies are found. These methodologies comprises of cycle reiteration of exercises. The exercises incorporates PDCA cycle, for example, arranging, do, check and act. Further, the papers features on the AS-IS and TO-BE strategies. According to (Mller, J. Maack and D. Tan, 2007), it was resolved that the BPM has different points of interest in the business field. This paper centers around the idea of BPM and its element like the work process the board. It is additionally established that it is a lot of essential for the association to comprehend its responsibility to BPM and how the organizations need to thank and value the innovation of BPM. The BPM innovation is summed up as the long lasting cycle and it's anything but a coincidental sending. The administration must have away from of BPM to make progress and it likewise helps the partnership between the business chiefs and IT for a fruitful procedure change. It stress more on the unmistakable connection between the BPM, which is an administration, administration, a technique, a methodology, it helps in demonstrating discipline simultaneously and it helps in picking up process competency. It gives spontaneous creation and cross-process joining in culture and, aptitudes. This can give a successful authoritative change in the association. In addition, it is additionally expected to help in defeating the disappointments and clashes in the business. It is expressed in (Vanderfeesten and A. Reijers, n.d.), that the associations work more on putting resources into the work process framework usage for improving, robotizing and smoothing out the business forms. The primary piece of this paper investigates on the operational productivity for the social change and in the financial estimation of the association. It is presumed that the association of partners and administration alongside successful correspondence is significant. The examination likewise decided certain effects of work process the executives framework and the explanations behind the effect is that the work process framework mechanized crafted by the secretaries at the same time, it had affected by including extra work in various degrees of the association. As indicated by (Dhring, Schulz and Galkin, 2015), the new arrangements of adaptable work process the executives empowers the essential runtime control-stream deviations. Then again, it is resolved that the progressions must be handled straightforwardly on the particular work process model. This paper shows that the normal work process model can furnish execution adaptability ideas alongside perspective direction, runtime adjustment and variation development. At that point, the paper shows the proposed a conventional mechanized plan time model change procedure for separating the variation work process parts to the sub-forms and the adjustment forms is utilized with a particular example punctuation to create a selector structure that works on the sub-process that are recursive with the assistance of a standard motor. The procedure was assessed by a model change strategy with SAP Net Weaver BPM/BRM and it created a completely BPMN2 consistent executable ancient rarities alongside a sta ndard set. The standard set are used as a fundamental interface to the regularly changing procedure deviations. According to (Jalali, Wohed and Ouyang, n.d.), the paper has decided a lot of prerequisites which give subtleties of how the angle arranged business process models must order in a Workflow Management System. To make this conceivable a Colored Petri Net model for a help is planned. The condescended model in this paper is dissected with the assistance of state space examinations on different conditions. It is expressed in (Fang, 2010), that the paper further reveals insight into how distributed computing innovation ties BPM progressively shrewd framework. This paper establishes that the cloud assumes a conspicuous job in being mindful to give high accessibility and reacts promptly to the necessities of the application in the association. The examination on the different existing frameworks, gives numerous plans to making the framework increasingly compelling. This endeavor makes to broaden the structure and the board in an ideal conceivable manner. At that point, in the investigation of Business Process Management Demystified: An instructional exercise on Models, Systems and Standards for Workflow Management (WFM), the utilization of the Petri nets on the administration of the business procedure in an association is depicted for the successful administration (Bonn, 2010). As indicated by (van der Aalst, 2016), there are different frameworks, strategies, models, work processes and approaches present in the upkeep of business the board. The conventional arrangement of BPM followed WFM dependent on their own methods. At that point, the utilization of the Petri nets on the BPM secures significant things on the procedures. The displaying approach is diverse for every framework. The examples of the BPM is given as the XML Process Definition Language (XPDL) by the Work Flow Management Coalition (WfMC) and is analyzed by progressively central work methodology. The execution of the Petri nets on the BPM framework gives best and ground-breaking cellar for the association looking after system. According to (DER AALST, 2017), the BPM framework gives the business procedure stage for the straightforward work process weaving. In this procedure, the arranged framework engineering are largely straightforward to the whole administration framework. The monetary emergency is raised with the use of different administration frameworks on the association. In the interfaces working procedure, the information about the BPM procedure must be included by the creators. The procedure of work process depicts the whole arrangement of the administration on the framework. This straightforward work process weaving framework attempts to diminish the expense of the framework which is associated with the BPM framework. The incorporation of methods with the works by the administration area of the association, at that point this framework can be embedded in different programming which is empowered for the procedure of support. Rather than the use of the Petri nets the Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP ), the Model View Controller (MVC) and block attempt of wrapping are used for the administration forms. Thus, the expense of the framework can be decreased with the framework. The structured working techniques are associated with the product applications. At that point, the structure of the significant errands are interconnected with the product framework. The web type applications can diminish remaining burdens of the procedures. The procedures are empowered by the discovery framework through the current web application items. At long last, straightforward work process weaving framework gives the interconnection of the product framework with the web applications. The different investigation in (Pesic and van der Aalst, 2017), gives the procedures for the progressively changing conditions of the association. The strategy for the BPM is fixed in the underlying stages. The whole framework is dispensed to the area of the administration. The professional rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-47661802729248151652020-08-22T07:20:00.001-07:002020-08-22T07:20:04.387-07:00Determining the enthalpy change for different chemical reactions Essay ExampleDeciding the enthalpy change for various synthetic responses Essay I acclimated myself with the Material Safety Data Sheets of poisonous substances.PLANNING (A)Enthalpy (H)1 The entirety of the interior vitality of the framework in addition to the result of the weight of the gas in the framework and its volume:Esys is the measure of inward vitality, while P and V are separately weight and volume of the system.However, to make it easier, this definition can be abbreviated. Enthalpy (H) is a proportion of warmth in the system.To measure the enthalpy we need to initially make sense of the mass of a substance under a consistent tension and decide the interior vitality of the system.The enthalpy change (H)2 is the measure of warmth discharged or assimilated when a concoction response happens at steady pressure.Standard conditions3 are utilized so as to permit tests that are taken at various areas to come out with similar outcomes. Standard weight is 1 climate or 1.0135 x 105 pascals. Standard temperature is 25o C. Standard state is the physical state at which a component or a compound exists at standard conditions.Hypothesis: If the temperature of a given substance is known, we may compute the enthalpy of this substance.Experiment I Part IPLANNING (B)Requirements:- 1 measuring glass [250 cm3]-2 test tubes-thermometer-60 cm - 3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric corrosive strong anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) [3.75 g]-balanceProcedure:We were furnished with 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric corrosive, strong sodium hydrogencarbonate and strong anhydrous sodium carbonate.1. One individual in each pair estimated 30 cm3 of roughly of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric corrosive into the beaker.2. We took the temperature of the corrosive and recorded it in table 1.3. We weighted a test tube unfilled and than again when it contained 2.80 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate.4. We recorded the majority in a table like table 1.5. In this manner we included the weighted segment of Na2CO3 to the corrosive and blended the blend cautiously with the thermometer until all t he strong has reacted.6. While blending we recorded the greatest temperature of the solution.DATA COLLECTION2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3 (s)㠯⠿â ½ 2NaCl (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)Mass of cylinder + sodium carbonate28.17 gMass of void test tube25.37 gMass of sodium carbonate utilized (m)2.80 gTemperature of corrosive initially21.8 oCTemperature of arrangement after mixing22.0 oCTemperature change during response (?T)0.2 oCTable 1.DATA PROCESSING PRESENTATIONCalculating the enthalpy change:?H = ms?Tm = 2.80 g Na2CO3 + 30.00 g HCl = 32.80 gs = 4.2 J g - 1 K - 1?T = 0.2 oC = 0.2 K?H = 32.80 g * 4.2 J g - 1 K - 1 * 0.2 K = 27.55 JCalculating the enthalpy change for 1 mole of Na2CO3:M = 106 um2 = 106 gm1 = 2.80 g106 g 1 mole2.80 g x molesx = 2.80g/106g * 1 mole= 0.03 mole0.03 mole 27.55 J1 mole x Jx = 27.55J/0.03mole * 1 mole = 918.33 J?H = 918.33 J = 0.92 kJExperiment I Part IIPLANNING (B)Requirements:- 1 measuring glass [250 cm3]-2 test tubes-thermometer-60 cm - 3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric c orrosive strong sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3) [3.75 g]-balanceProcedure:We were given 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric corrosive, strong sodium hydrogencarbonate and strong anhydrous sodium carbonate.1. One individual in each pair estimated 30 cm3 of around of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric corrosive into the beaker.2. We took the temperature of the corrosive and recorded it in table 2.3. We weighted a test tube vacant and than again when it contained 3.70 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate.4. We recorded the majority in a table like table 2.5. Accordingly we included the weighted segment of NaHCO3 to the corrosive and blended the blend cautiously with the thermometer until all the strong has reacted.6. While blending we recorded the most extreme temperature of the solution.DATA COLLECTIONHCl (aq) + NaHCO3 (s)㠯⠿â ½ NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)Mass of cylinder + sodium hydrogencarbonate29.08 gMass of void test tube25.38 gMass of sodium hydrogencarbonate utilized (m)3.70 gTemperature of corros ive initially21.5 oCTemperature of arrangement after mixing14.0 oCTemperature change during response (?T)7.5 oCTable 2.DATA PROCESSING PRESENTATIONCalculating the enthalpy change:?H = ms?Tm = 3.70 g NaHCO3 + 30.00 g HCl = 33.70 gs = 4.2 J g - 1 K - 1?T = 7.5 oC = 7.5 K?H = 33.70 g * 4.2 J g - 1 K - 1 * 7.5 K = 1061.55 JCalculating the enthalpy change for 1 mole of NaHCO3:M = 84 um2 = 84 gm1 = 3.70 g84 g 1 mole3.70 g x molesx = 3.70g/84g * 1 mole= 0.04 mole0.04 mole 1061.55 J1 mole x Jx = 1061.55J/0.04mole * 1 mole = 26538.75 J?H = 26538.75 J = 26.54 kJThermal decay of sodium hydrogencarbonate to sodium carbonate:2NaHCO3 (s) à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ Na2CO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)This might be likewise appeared as an enthalpy cycle:2HCl (aq) + 2NaHCO3 (s) 2NaCl (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)Na2CO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g) + 2HCl (aq)The enthalpy change for the deterioration of sodium hydrogencarbonate might be acquired by deciding the enthalpy change of response between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric corrosive and that between sodium hydrogencarbonate and hydrochloric acid.?H = H(products) H(reactants)?H = 0.92 kJ 26.54 kJ = 25.62 kJExperiment II Part IPLANNING (B)Requirements:- 1 recepticle [250 cm3]-2 test tubes-thermometer-60 cm - 3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric corrosive strong calcium oxide (CaO) [3 g]-balanceProcedure:We were furnished with 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric corrosive, strong calcium carbonate and strong calcium oxide.1. One individual in each pair estimated 30 cm3 of around of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric corrosive into the beaker.2. We took the temperature of the corrosive and recorded it in table 3.3. We weighted a test tube vacant and than again when it contained 3.00 g of strong calcium oxide.4. We recorded the majority in a table like table 3.5. Along these lines we included the weighted segment of CaO to the corrosive and mixed the blend cautiously with the thermometer until the strong has reacted.6. While blending we recorded the most extreme temperature of the solu tion.DATA COLLECTION2HCl (aq) + CaO (s) à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)Mass of cylinder + calcium oxide27.92 gMass of void test tube24.92 gMass of calcium oxide utilized (m)3.00 gTemperature of corrosive initially20.0 oCTemperature of arrangement after mixing36.0 oCTemperature change during response (?T)16.0 oCTable 3.DATA PROCESSING PRESENTATIONCalculating the enthalpy change:?H = ms?Tm = 3.00 g CaO + 30.00 g HCl = 33.00 gs = 4.2 J g - 1 K - 1?T = 16.0 oC = 16.0 K?H = 33.00 g * 4.2 J g - 1 K - 1 * 16.0 K = 2217.60 JCalculating the enthalpy change for 1 mole of CaO:M = 56 um2 = 56 gm1 = 3.00 g56 g 1 mole3.00 g x molesx = 3.00g/56g * 1 mole= 0.05 mole0.05 mole 2217.60 J1 mole x Jx = 2217.60J/0.05mole * 1 mole =44352 J?H = 44352 J = 44.35 kJExperiment II Part IIPLANNING (B)Requirements:- 1 measuring glass [250 cm3]-2 test tubes-thermometer-60 cm - 3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric corrosive strong calcium carbonate (CaCO3) [3.75 g]-balanceProcedure:We were given 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric c orrosive, strong calcium carbonate and strong calcium oxide.1. One individual in each pair estimated 30 cm3 of roughly of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric corrosive into the beaker.2. We took the temperature of the corrosive and recorded it in table 4.3. We weighted a test tube unfilled and than again when it contained 3.00 g of strong calcium carbonate.4. We recorded the majority in a table like table 4.5. Thusly we included the weighted part of CaCO3 to the corrosive and blended the blend cautiously with the thermometer until the strong has reacted.6. While blending we recorded the most extreme temperature of the solution.DATA COLLECTION2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)Mass of cylinder + calcium carbonate27.92 gMass of void test tube24.92 gMass of calcium carbonate utilized (m)3.00 gTemperature of corrosive initially20.0 oCTemperature of arrangement after mixing22.0 oCTemperature change during response (?T)2.0 oCTable 4.DATA PROCESSING PRESENTATIONCalculatin g the enthalpy change:?H = ms?Tm = 3.00 g CaCO3 + 30.00 g HCl = 33.00 gs = 4.2 J g - 1 K - 1?T = 2.0 oC = 2.0 K?H = 33.00 g * 4.2 J g - 1 K - 1 * 2.0 K = 277.20 JCalculating the enthalpy change for 1 mole of CaCO3:M = 100 um2 = 100 gm1 = 3.00 g100 g 1 mole3.00 g x molesx = 3.00g/100g * 1 mole= 0.03 mole0.03 mole 277.20 J1 mole x Jx = 277.20J/0.03mole * 1 mole = 9240 J?H = 9240 J = 9.24 kJThermal disintegration of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide:CaCO3 (s) à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)This might be additionally appeared as an enthalpy cycle:2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)CaO (s) + CO2 (g) + 2HCl (aq)The enthalpy change for the decay of calcium carbonate might be acquired by deciding the enthalpy change of response between calcium oxide and hydrochloric corrosive and that between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.?H = H(products) H(reactants)?H = 44.35 kJ 9.24 kJ = 35.11 kJCONCLUSION EVALUATIONDetermining the enthalpy change for a concoction response perm its us to choose whether a given response is exothermic or endothermic.If the enthalpy has a negative sign, as in the Experiment I, at that point the response is exothermic. Warmth vitality is developed, so the measuring glass becomes hotter4.If the indication of enthalpy is sure, at that point comparatively the response is endothermic, as in the Experiment II. Warmth vitality is assimilated and the measuring utencil becomes colder5.The physical properties of responses (various temperatures of recepticles) can be effectively recognized in the reality, even without utilizing any instruments.To assess this lab I would propose utilizing the calorimeter to make the records more solid than by utilizing thermometer. Room temperature may have had an effect on our outcomes and this was plausible the most significant wellspring of vulnerability. Masses of substances were estimated precisely, albeit some moment sums may have been lost while pouring. The weight continued as before, anyway litt le changes may have showed up. We likewise should focus on the measure of gas (CO2) that may have evaded during the trial. It should have been accumulated and put away to make the outcomes relia rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-68240118188072950692020-08-15T19:47:00.001-07:002020-08-15T19:47:03.617-07:00How to Do a Life Review Using a Mind Map - FocusHow to Do a Life Review Using a Mind Map - Focus There are times in your life when you need to make significant decisions about how to continue in your business and/or personal life. At these points, itâs necessary that you establish a clear vision about certain life facts. This process must be honest and complete. And, sometimes, it can also be painful. In this article, MindMeister Ambassador Jürgen Schulze shares his proven method of how to do an honest life review, using a mind map. In this article, I would like to introduce you to a method that Iâve been using in pre-MindMeister years when friends asked me for help. When I came across the online mind mapping tool MindMeister, this process was improved. I could add the new and fairly innovative dimension of collaboration to the method, resulting in the more formalized approach that youâll find in the mind map template Im sharing with you today. The mind map and the method behind it will help you during your journey of self-evaluation by compiling relevant information and presenting these facts in a comprehensive format to a friend for input. During this process, you will actually start to see what you need to do and how. This is the mind map template: Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Life Review Template on MindMeister. Click on the Map Actions button in the bottom bar of the map to maximize it. Click on the same button again to clone this template to your MindMeister account and use it for your own life review! From Napkin to Mind Map Life Is Not Linear! Before we dive deeper into how you can use this mind map yourself, let me just give you the short history of how this method developed in the first place. It all started years back when a colleague of mine shared with me his dilemma about choosing between two fundamentally different career opportunities. The classic Jürgen, would you have a minute for me? in the office right after the first coffee in the morning. What initially sprang to my mind to ask him was: What is it that youâd expect from whatâs left of your business life? He replied that he had never thought about that in detail. I continued: What do you think youâre really good at? This is a question that is on the no-go list in todays formal job interviews as much as What do you think youâre really bad at? because there canât be an honest answer. I got trained on that 16 years ago already in my hiring certification classes at Symantec. However, it is totally OK between two friends in a secluded setting. His answer struck me as I had a totally different picture of him. At this point it became clear to me that his situation and decision process would require some formalization and visualization. And this is how the map was born. Donât Just Listen. Capture the Meaning! Why did I end up with a mind map, you might ask? There are a couple of reasons. Some, you might be able to relate to. Some are pretty individual to me: Structure does not develop in my head. Information does. That means that I have to put down my information somewhere and structure it there. Linear representation is difficult to structure and I hate scrolling back and forth. Hence, a mind map comes in handy: I can see things at a glance and add topics where I see a gap. While developing the method, I used a mind map to dump my thoughts and experiences in. After a while, these topics could be organized into clusters, which then mercilessly pointed out to me what was missing. I literally saw it! In short: Information creates clusters, shows missing information and promotes further clustering. A very creative flow. Putting things in a meaningful order requires a lot of shuffling around of information and re-clustering. Try to do that in a flowing text and you know why I always choose to use a mind map. When the mind map was finally as complete as I wanted it to be, the question was: How to present it to the target audience? How can a story unfold in the eyes of the beholder? Going through this map is not a linear process. While you answer one question in the map, another answer to an unrelated question on the other side of the map might just pop up in your mind. Because you always see the open spots, you can easily jump left and right, top and bottom and still stick to a structure. Collaboration is the key element of my method. Collaboration works perfectly fine when face to face over a glass of wine. But this is a process that will never come to a final conclusion, as previously noted. Thus, remote collaboration is a smart way to interact. Set the preferences for the map to notify when changes are applied and trigger off a constant flow of remote interaction, which will continuously fine tune the map. Last but not least: Seeing and listening closely are important while working on such an intimate topic, but you need to go one step further and truly capture the meaning. A mind map will help you to see things in context, and see how they develop and relate to each other. This is key for being able to open up and challenge, respectively. When providing feedback, adding visuals to indicate feelings about a certain topic, emphasizing certain elements through formatting and showing consent or dissent by voting, commenting and, most of all, asking (Carl Rogers) are strong tools to drill deeper into the matter and look behind the statements being made. You are able to actually describe digital information (text, content) with analog elements (icons, formatting, position, relation) to create a picture in the mind of the collaborators that they can even talk about without the map in sight. Over a glass of wine, that is! (-; How to Fill Out the Mind Map Simply clone the mind map template Iâve created to your account and start filling it out. My advice to you would be to start as you would in a typical mind map, with the topic located at 1 oclock, and then move around the center clockwise. There is a logic in the order suggested in the map, but once youâve started, you might see answers to other questions popping up in your mind, as previously described. Particularly, when you have a friend reviewing what you do and potentially triggering thoughts you would not have had on your own. The underlying concept of this technique is to answer a set of questions that are clustered under main topics, and have those answers challenged by a close friend. This way, your self-image (self-perception) can be adjusted to reality by getting an understanding of your public image. However, it requires you to be courageous and to refrain from feeling attacked. In my experience, this process already raises new questions that will have to be answered to understand the bigger picture and ultimately support the decision-making process. Like life itself, this mind map reflects constant learning and change. To arrive at the exact answer for things might be a challenge as we get older, learn new things and find new priorities in life. However, it is highly advisable to work yourself through all elements at least once in order to have a good and solid starting point for an ever changing life review. My own life review map is now 5+ years old and still in motion! As much as I am⦠Some Explanation on the Various Mind Map Topics Vision The dream everyone has in mind. The big picture! Not the I want to be a billionaire-thing. It is about the ultimate goal one wants to achieve and the final destination in that very moment. Desire The journey is the reward. It should be fun and fulfilling. Thus, the way to achieve the goal needs to be clear as there are many ways to Rome! Skills This is where it gets tricky. What can you do and what are you really good at? This is where self-perception can easily be at war with your public image. And this is where a good friend needs to be ruthless with her/his observations! Missing Skills Admitting whats missing is another painful exercise. But this reflection is required if you want to proceed to the next topic. Ability to Learn Putting things on a timeline makes it a bit easier to answer these questions. As Im getting closer to retirement, I dont bother starting off new revolutions. Improving on the things that Im already good at is what fits into the remaining time. Learning also becomes a bit more difficult with age. However, your choice! Willingness to Learn It is one thing to be able to learn. But do you really want to learn? Learning is progress but learning fundamentally new things might also be stressful. Something to be seriously considered! Strategy A wise friend of mine from Saudi Arabia once told me Failing to plan means planning to fail. Theres another approach, Laissez-faire, which can be useful as well, at a certain point in time. Living a life between boundaries can be limiting or rewarding. That depends on personality. Tactics When the strategy is the tool that youve chosen, tactics are about how to use the tool. This actually puts the strategy at test since a strategy that cannot be delivered upon is not a strategy but a dream. The Value of Life This is likely the most intimate question to ask. And it is likely the only constant in life and hence the most difficult to answer. Being consequent on your values and not bending backwards in times of challenge is a virtue. Network Dont be shy. Life is a give and take, a quid pro quo amongst friends and business partners. Giving is rewarding. Giving without expecting a return is altruism. Always giving without receiving is draining. It is my personal opinion that things will level to equilibrium during a long life. However, there can be a point in time when help is needed. And theres nothing unethical about asking people to return a favor. Professional Identity The classic self-/public picture exercise. This is where you might need more than one friend to give you honest feedback. How you WANT to be seen is not an invitation to act. This is an invitation to evaluate if you HAVE to act or if it is really you. Life in Balance Work gives us meaning, some say. That might be true. Or not. One thing is for sure: We spend more time at work than with our loved ones. It is important to draw a line and make sure that theres enough emotional energy left for yourself and your family after work. Work in Balance Last but not least: How far do you want to go when it comes to work? How much do you want to sacrifice? Clearly defining your limits will help you make a decision. It will also help you to be happy at work and, hence, happy at home! Wrapping up All of that said: Ive, again, gone through this map and come to the conclusion to do what Ive had in my mind for the last 10 years already: Writing a book. If you use my mind map template to do your own life review, Id be curious to hear what you learn and conclude! rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-10441921352068211082020-05-24T03:50:00.001-07:002020-05-24T03:50:04.117-07:00Life Span Development Reflective Paper - 5968 Words Life Span Development Reflective Paper Introduction Brenda Watson Leadership Coaching September 19, 2010 This has been a very fascinating journey from prenatal, birth to old age. The goal of this paper is to show how my knowledge and understanding of life span development has increased, as well as demonstrate how this knowledge and understanding will apply to and can be used within my area of specialization, Leadership Coaching. As a Social Worker, I have had the opportunity to work with children and families from diverse socioeconomic, ethnic and cultural backgrounds. My experience and training includes extensive work with prenatal, infant and early childhood education and development. Through this course I have been able toâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Although secure attachment during infancy is the foundation for continued healthy positive development during the lifespan, it is important to understand that other factors can have a significant effect on development later in life (i.e. illness, loss, and trauma). However, research has shown the importance of consistent care giving that is responsive and nurturing and the caregiversââ¬â¢ ability to effectively accommodate more difficult temperament characteristics ,as well as other factors, influence the development of healthy attachment{{64 Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian 2003}}. Research has also shown that infancy and early childhood is the period of d evelopment where scaffolding begins and continues (Vygotsky, 1978; Zhao amp; Orey,1999). There are many other theories related to early childhood development that are just as important in other areas of life span development. Because prenatal, infancy and early childhood represent the beginning of development it is understandable why it is important that emphasis be place on these developmental stages of life. Without a strong foundation on which to build on there can be no secure structure. Theories have been defined with terms such as stages, incremental, multidimensional. Each theory has itsââ¬â¢ contributions to and impact on the understanding of humanShow MoreRelatedPersonal Development and Learning Essay example897 Words à |à 4 PagesPersonal Development Reflective Essay Assignment The reflective essay will become the primary component of the senior portfolio a few years from now, but the process begins here in PDP 150 as students learn to apply their new reflective skills in developing of an effective portfolio. 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Here is the modern theory followed by what the ancient Greeks thought had happened. The essence of what we think happened is that a Dark Age invasion of a people known as Dorians swept down from the North, settling first in the Corinthian Gulf and the northwest Peloponnese, then the south and east, and the islands of Crete, Rhodes, and Kos. These Dorians pushed the native Greeks out of their homelands. Eventually some mainland Greeks migrated to Ionia. The ancient Greeks had their own explanation of the Dorian Invasion.... Ancient Version of the Dorian Invasion Archaic Age Hesiod Perseus Theseus Heraclides Hercules Who Were the Dorians? Thucydides on the Greek Colonies Sixty years after the capture of Ilium, the modern Boeotians were driven out of Arne by the Thessalians, and settled in the present Boeotia, the former Cadmeis.... Twenty years later, the Dorians and the Heraclids became masters of Peloponnese; so that much had to be done and many years had to elapse before Hellas could attain to a durable tranquillity undisturbed by removals, and could begin to send out colonies, as Athens did to Ionia and most of the islands, and the Peloponnesians to most of Italy and Sicily and some places in the rest of Hellas.- Thucydides Greeks in Asia Minor During the Trojan War Bronze Age Sallie Goetsch Ionian Settlements Sources: [URL vislab-www.nps.navy.mil/~fapapoul/history/dorians.html ]Carlos Parada Heraclides[www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Ellen/EarlyGkAstronomy.html] Early Greek AstronomersIonians mingled with Lydians and Persians and sea-faring people. The Question of a Dorian InvasionThomas Martin Overview of Greek History in this section addresses both the question of the invasion and Greek chronology. Homeric Geography rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-37722938315851190802020-05-06T13:26:00.001-07:002020-05-06T13:26:08.658-07:00Critically analyse the Mediaââ¬â¢s Focus on young people and Violent Crime Free Essays Introduction Western society is fascinated with crime and justice. From films, newspapers, everyday conversation, books and magazines, there is a continual rhetoric regarding crime. The mass media plays a crucial part in the construction of criminality and the criminal justice system. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically analyse the Mediaââ¬â¢s Focus on young people and Violent Crime or any similar topic only for you Order Now The way the public perceive victims, criminals and the members of law enforcement is very much determined by the influences of the mass media (Roberts, Doob, 1990; Surette, 1998). It is therefore essential to take into account the effects that the mass media have on attitudes toward violent crimes, especially those concerning young people. If we start with television programmes we find that there is a link between viewing crime shows on the television is in fact linked to a fear of crime. Fear of crime may be a natural reaction by viewers to the brutality, violence and sometimes even injustices that are portrayed within these programmes. Crimes on television shows reveal certain patterns; there is an overemphasis on violent crimes and offenders are often sensationalised or stereotyped. Murder and robbery are common themes also yet crimes such as burgurlary are less often seen (Surette, 1998). Offenders are portrayed as psychopaths that target vulnerable and weak victims or as business people and professionals that are highly intelligent and violent, with victims being portrayed as helpless and weak (Surette, 1998). Many viewers may not understand the justice system and its process and are even less likely to understand (with some exceptions) the causes and motivations of criminal behaviour. The criminal justice system is portrayed largely as ineffective with the exception of selected heroes that provide justice or in some cases vengeance towards offenders (Surette, 1998). These programmes rarely focus on any mitigating circumstances of criminal behaviour and are unlikely to portray offenders in not only a sympathetic light but even a realistic fashion. On television crime is freely chosen and based on the individual problems of the offender. Analysis of crime drama reveals that greed, revenge and mental illness are the basic motivations for crime and offenders are often portrayed as ââ¬Ëdifferentââ¬â¢ from the general population (Lichter and Lichter, 1983: Maguire, 1998). This leads to a possible belief by viewers that all offenders are ââ¬Ëmonstersââ¬â¢ to be feared. Consequently heavy viewers may perceive crime as threatening, offenders as violent, brutal or ruthless and victims as helpless. These inaccurate presentations, as well as the portrayal of crime as inevitable or non preventable may lead to an increase in the fear of crime. The news media focus on violent crime is highly selective. Ferrell (2005:150) points out that news media representations highlight ââ¬Ëthe criminal victimization of strangers rather than the dangerous intimacies of domestic of family conflictââ¬â¢. Stanko and Lee (2003:10) note that ââ¬Ëthe violence in the media is constructed ââ¬Ëas randomââ¬â¢, wanton and the intentional acts of evil folkââ¬â¢. News reporting of crime and furthermore of the particular types of crime on which newspaper journalists disproportionately focus on, is selective and unrepresentative. News reporting of crime victims is equally so. Reiner et al stated that the foregrounding of crime victims in the media is one of the most significant qualitative changes in media representations of crime and control since the Second World War (Reiner et al. 2000a,b, 2003). Not all crime victims receive equal attention in the news media. Ocassionally intense media coverage may be devoted to victims who can be discredited on the basis of criminal promiscuous or otherwise questionable past. More often, however media resources are dedicated to the representation of those victims who can be portrayed as ideal. Christie (1986:18) describes the ideal victim as ââ¬Ëa person or category of individuals who-when hit by crime-most readily are given the complete and legitimate status of being a victimââ¬â¢. This group includes young people. These young people attract massive levels of media attention, generate collective mourning on a near global scale, and drive significant change to a social and criminal justice policy and practice (Greer, 2004; Valier, 2004). In the summer of 2002, two 10 year old girls, Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman went missing from their home in Soham. Their disappearance attracted the biggest ever manhunt in Britain and international media attention. In 1996 two boys of similar age, Patrick Warren and David Spencer, went missing from their homes. Their disappearance failed to register much outside the local press. Shortly after 13 year old Milly Dowler went missing in 2002, the body of a teenage girl was recovered from a disused cement works in Tilbury Docks (Jewkes, 2004). Amongst media speculation that it was another missing teenager, Danielle Jones, who had disappeared almost a year earlier, the body was identified as Hannah Williams, however it was Millyââ¬â¢s story that continued to receive attention whilst Hannah received only a few sentences n the inside pages. Holly and Jessica were clearly seen as ideal victims. They were described using adjectives such as young, bright and energetic. They were from stable and loving middle class family backgrounds and had both achieved well at school. David and Patrick were working class, they were boys, brought up on a West Midlands council estate, in trouble at school and one of them had previously been caught shoplifting. While Holly and Jessica captured the hearts and minds of the nation, Patrick and David did not gain anywhere near as much interest and few people knew about their disappearance, much in the same way Hannah Williams was unknown. Hannahââ¬â¢s murder generated just over 60 articles in the British national press, mostly after she was found. In its first two weeks alone, the hunt for Holly and Jessica produced nearly 900 (Fracassini, 2002). Whilst on one hand the media sensationalise when young people are the victims of violent crimes, it also sensationalises when there is a belief that these young people are in fact the perpetrators of violent crimes. A study carried out by Young People Now, (a publication for people working with children and young people) through research firm Mori, looked at tabloids, local papers and broadsheets over the course of a week. Seventy-one percent of articles concerning young people had a negative tone, while 14 percent were positive and 15 percent were neutral. In addition, 48 percent of articles about crime and violence depicted a young person as the perpetrator, whereas only 26 percent of young people admit to committing a crime, and of those only seven percent involved the police and only a minority were violent-the most common committed crime was petty theft. The picture being painted in the media is one of violent young men with nearly 70 percent of violent stories involving boy s describing them as the perpetrator and 32 percent as the victim, while girls are described as the victim in 91 percent of cases and the offender in 10 percent (Ipsos Mori). In reality 31 percent of boys in mainstream schools admit to having committed a crime compared with 20 percent of girls and boys are more likely to be victims of violent crime than girls (Young people and the Media, 2004). Peter McIntyre, a journalist whose 30 year career has included work on the Oxford Times and editing a Unicef book of guidelines for interviewing children states that children in trouble with the law have some legal protection, but in some cases, because journalists are not allowed to name young people, they feel free to misrepresent them, contributing to the monsterisation of young people (2004). If images of violent yobs predominate, there is a risk that policy makers will respond to stereotypes rather than the true diversity of young peopleââ¬â¢s needs. The rise of the antisocial behaviour order (ASBO) was seized upon by local and national newspapers as a chance to name and shame young people. From the Sun newspaperââ¬â¢s proposal to hand out ââ¬ËSASBOââ¬â¢s (Sun Antisocial Behaviour Orders), to south London paper Newsââ¬â¢s Shopperââ¬â¢s Shop a Yob Bingo, papers were able to show pictures of these young people, because there were no automatic reporting restrictions on young people sentenced by civil courts, unlike youth courts. All of these reportingââ¬â¢s serve to further fuel media hype and moral panic surrounding young people as violent offenders. BIBLIOGRAPHY Barille, L. (1984) Television Attitudes about Crime: Do Heavy Views Distort Criminality and Support Retributive JusticeIn Ray Surette (ed.) Justice and the Media Issues and Research Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas Bryant, J. Garreth, R.A, Brown, D. (1981). Television viewing and anxiety: An Experimental Examination. Journal of Communication 31: 106-119 Christie,N. (1986) The Ideal Victim in Fattah, E. (ed), from Crime Policy to Victim Policy. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Doob, A. MacDonald, G. (1979) Television Viewing and Fear of Victimization: Is The Relationship CasualJournal of Personality and Social Psychology Ferrell, J. (2005). Crime and Culture in Hale, C. Hayward, K. Wahidin, A. And Wincup, E. (eds), Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fracassini, C. (2002) Missing, Scotland on Sunday. 18 August 2002 Greer, C. (2004). Crime, Media and Community: grief and virtual engagement in late modernity. In Ferrell, J. Hayward, K. Morrison, W. And Presdee (eds). Cultural Criminology Unleashed. London: Cavendish Jewkes, Y. (2004) Media and Crime. London: Sage Lichter, L. Lichter, S. (1983) Prime Time Crime Washington DC: Media Institute Livingstone, S. (1996). On the Continuing Problem of Media Effects. In Curran, J. Gurevitch, M (eds), Mass Media and Society. London: Arnold. Maguire, B. (1988). Image Versus Reality: An Analysis of Prime-Time Television and Police Programs. Crime and Justice II (1): 165-188 Reiner, R. (2002). Media Made Criminality: the representation of crime in the mass media. In Maguire, M. Morgan, R. Reiner, R (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Surrette, R. (1990). The Media and Criminal Justice Policy: Recent Research and Social Effects. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas Valier, C. (2005). Making Sense of the Information Age: Sociology and Cultural Studies, Information, Communications and Society, 8 (4): 439-58 How to cite Critically analyse the Mediaââ¬â¢s Focus on young people and Violent Crime, Essay examples rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-47748396862292324372020-05-04T04:52:00.001-07:002020-05-04T04:52:03.222-07:00Child Pornography On Internet Essay Example For Students Child Pornography On Internet Essay In this new age of Information, the Internet has made all types of informationreadily available. Some of this information can be very useful, some can bemalicious. Child pornography, also known as Paedophilia is one of theseproblems. Any one person can find child pornography on the internet with just afew clicks of the mouse using any search engine. Despite webmasters and lawenforcement officials efforts to control child pornography and shut downillegal sites, new sites are posted using several ways to mask their identity. The Internet provides a new world for curious children. It offers entertainment,opportunities for education, information and communication. The Internet is atool that opens a window of opportunities. As Internet use grows, so do therisks of children being exposed to inappropriate material, in particular,criminal activity by paedophiles and child pornographers. Many children firstcome in contact with the Internet at a very young age. Some children becomevictims of child pornography through close relatives who may have abused them. Some children become involved with chat services or newsgroup threads. It isusually through these sites that they meet child pornographers. Children may beasked to send explicit pictures of themselves taken either by a digital cameraor scanned from a polaroid. The pornographer will then post the pictures ontheir web site, sometimes hiding them through encryption, steganography orpassword protecting them using a javascript or applet. Certain efforts have beenmade to control child pornography through legislation. In 1977 the SexualExploitation of Children Act was put into Legislation. (U.S. Code : Title 18,Section 2251-2253) The law prohibits the use of a minor in the making ofpornography, the transport of a child across state lines, the taking of apornographic picture of a minor, and the production and circulation of materialsadvertising child pornography. It also prohibits the transfer, sale, purchase,and receipt of minors when the purpose of such transfer, sale, purchase, orreceipt is to use the child or youth in the production of child pornography. Thetransportation, importation, shipment, and receipt of child pornography by anyinterstate means, including by mail or computer, is also prohibited. The ChildProtection Act of 1984 (U.S. Code : Title 18, Section 2251-2255) defines anyoneyounger than the age of 18 as a child. Therefore, a sexually explicit photographof anyone 17 years of age or younger is child pornography. On November 7, 1986,the U.S. Congress enacted the Child Sexual Abuse and Pornography Act (U.S. Code: Title 18, Section 2251-2256) that banned the production and use ofadvertisements for child pornography and included a provision for civil remediesof personal injuries suffered by a minor who is a victim. It also raised theminimum sentences for repeat offenders from imprisonment of not less than twoyears to imprisonment of not less than five years. On November 18, 1988, theU.S. Congress enacted the Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act (U .S. Code : Title 18, Section 2251-2256) that made it unlawful to use a computer totransmit advertisements or visual depictions of child pornography and itprohibited the buying, selling, or otherwise obtaining temporary custody orcontrol of children for the purpose of producing child pornography. On November29, 1990, the U.S. Congress enacted US Code : Title 18, Section 2252 making it afederal crime to possess three or more depictions of child pornography that weremailed or shipped in interstate or foreign commerce or that were produced usingmaterials that were mailed or shipped by any means, including by computer. Withthe passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, it is a federal crime foranyone using the mail, interstate or foreign commerce, to persuade, induce, orentice any individual younger than the age of 18 to engage in any sexual act forwhich the person may be criminally prosecuted. The Child Pornography PreventionAct of 1996 amends the definition of child pornography to inclu de that whichactually depicts the sexual conduct of real minor children and that whichappears to be a depiction of a minor engaging in sexual conduct. Computer,photographic, and photocopy technology is amazingly competent at creating andaltering images that have been morphed to look like children eventhough those photographed may have actually been adults. People who alterpornographic images to look like children can now be prosecuted under the law. .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f , .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .postImageUrl , .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f , .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:hover , .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:visited , .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:active { border:0!important; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:active , .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thomas Hobbes Essay ThesisAbstracts for these laws can be found at http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/. The current legislation in place at the federal and state level clearly defineschild pornography, and the standard sentencing for offenders. It also clearlydefines a minor and what activity involving a minor is illegal. What thelegislation does not do is set the standards for retreival of evidence from anelectronic device, namely computers. Also, the current legislation does not setstandards for decrypting child pornography that is protected. One example is theuse of Steganography. Steganography uses a bitstream algorithm to hideinformation in the form of raw binary code within other files suitable to holdinformation. The most commonly used form of Steganography uses the leastsignificant bit of a bitmap image to store virtually any type of information. Every three bytes in a bitmap file represents a pixel. Each of these bytesrepresents a level of red, blue or green. Since there are eight bits in a byte,there can be up to 256 different combinations of 1s and 0s in a single byte. In the case of a bitmap, each unique combination of 1s and 0s represents alevel of red, blue or green. When the colors are combined, there is thepossibility of 256^3 or 4,294,967,296 different colors. In order to hideinformation within a bitmap file, the file in which you want to hide must becopied bit for bit into the last bit of each byte in the bitmap file. This willchange each pixel of the bitmap file at the most by 1 / 2,097,152, depending onwhether the bit being copied is the same as the bit it is replacing. Since thehuman eye can only physically distinguish between an average of 250 differentcolors, a difference of 1 / 2,097,152 is indistinguishable. Since only one bitof the target bitmap is being used to store information, the source file can atmost be 1/8 of the size of the target file. In the case of a bitmap, a highresolution picture can easily hold a lower resolution picture that may containchild pornography. Legally, if a bitmap image is found to contain a hidden imageus ing steganography, there is no legal procedure for extracting that evidencefor a court case. The prosecution would have to somehow explain howsteganography works to a jury, and to the judge, and would have to prove in someway that the information found did in fact come from that bitmap file. Currently, evidence found in this manner is inadmissible in court because thereis no legislation dealing with this type of evidence. Also, there is no standardapproved software that will decode these files. There are several softwareprograms readily available on the internet which will encode or decodeinformation using the least significant bit algorithm. One example is calledHide and Seek. Anyone can obtain this software free of charge, making it easyfor child pornographers to hide their work. Another problem is illicit materialthat is stored on a remote computer. If the perpetrator of child pornographydoes not own the computer that the material is stored on, it would be difficultfor law enforcement officials to obtain a warrant to search a third partyscomputer. Also, there is currently no legislation that defines what space an amachine belongs to a specific do. rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-78526020440461778522020-03-28T09:38:00.001-07:002020-03-28T09:38:03.009-07:00Behistun Inscription - Message to the Persian EmpireBehistun Inscription - Message to the Persian Empire The Behistun inscription (also spelled Bisitun or Bisotun and typically abbreviated as DB for Darius Bisitun) is a 6th century BCE Persian Empire carving. The ancient billboard includes four panels of cuneiform writing around a set of three-dimensional figures, cut deep into a limestone cliff. The figures are carved 300 feet (90 meters) above the Royal Road of the Achaemenids, known today as the Kermanshah-Tehran highway in Iran. Fast Facts: Behistun Steel Name of Work:à Behistun InscriptionArtist or Architect: Darius the Great, ruled 522ââ¬â486 BCEStyle/Movement: Parallel CuneiformTextPeriod: Persian EmpireHeight: 120 feetWidth: 125 feetType of Work: Carved inscriptionCreated/Built: 520ââ¬â518 BCEMedium: Carved Limestone BedrockLocation: Near Bisotun, IranOffbeat Fact: The earliest known example of political propagandaLanguages: Old Persian, Elamite, Akkadian The carving is located near the town of Bisotun, Iran, about 310 miles (500 kilometers) from Tehran and about 18 mi (30 km) from Kermanshah. The figures show the crowned Persian king Darius I stepping on Guatama (his predecessor and rival) and nine rebel leaders standing before him connected by ropes around their necks. The figures measures some 60x10.5 ft (18x3.2 m) and the four panels of text more than double the overall size, creating an irregular rectangle of approximately 200x120 ft (60x35 m), with the lowest part of the carving some 125 ft (38 m) above the road. Behistun Text The writing on the Behistun inscription, like the Rosetta Stone, is a parallel text, a type of linguistic text that consists of two or more strings of written language placed alongside each other so they can be easily compared. The Behistun inscription is recorded in three different languages: in this case, cuneiform versions of Old Persian, Elamite, and a form of Neo-Babylonian called Akkadian. Like the Rosetta Stone, the Behistun text greatly assisted in the decipherment of those ancient languages: the inscription includes the earliest known use of Old Persian, a sub-branch of Indo-Iranian. A version of the Behistun inscription written in Aramaic (the same language of the Dead Sea Scrolls) was discovered on a papyrus scroll in Egypt, probably written during the early years of the reign of Darius II, about a century after the DB was carved into the rocks. See Tavernier (2001) for more specifics about the Aramaic script. Royal Propaganda The text of the Behistun inscription describes the early military campaigns of the Achaemenid rule King Darius I (522ââ¬â486 BCE). The inscription, carved shortly after Dariuss accession to the throne between 520 and 518 BCE, give autobiographical, historical, royal and religious information about Darius: the Behistun text is one of several pieces of propaganda establishing Dariuss right to rule. The text also includes Dariuss genealogy, a list of the ethnic groups subject to him, how his accession occurred, several failed revolts against him, a list of his royal virtues, instructions to future generations and how the text was created.à So, What Does it Mean? Most scholars agree that the Behistun inscription is a bit of political bragging. Dariuss main purpose was to establish the legitimacy of his claim to Cyrus the Greats throne, to which he had no blood connection. Other bits of Dariuss braggadocio are found in others of these trilingual passages, as well as big architectural projects at Persepolis and Susa, and the burial places of Cyrus at Pasargadae and his own at Naqsh-i-Rustam. Historian Jennifer Finn (2011) noted that the location of the cuneiform is too far above the road to be read, and few people were likely literate in any language anyway when the inscription was made. She suggests that the written portion was meant not only for public consumption but that there was likely a ritual component, that the text was a message to the cosmos about the king. Translations and Interpretations Henry Rawlinson is credited with the first successful translation in English, scrambling up the cliff in 1835, and publishing his text in 1851. The 19th-century Persian scholar Mohammad Hasan Khan Etemad al-Saltaneh (1843ââ¬â96) published the first Persian translation of the Behistun translation. He noted but disputed the then-current idea that Darius or Dara might have been matched to King Lohrasp of the Zoroastrian religious and Persian epic traditions.à Israeli historian Nadav Naaman has suggested (2015) that the Behistun inscription may have been a source for the Old Testament story of Abrahams victory over the four powerful Near Eastern kings. Sources Alibaigi, Sajjad, Kamal Aldin Niknami, and Shokouh Khosravi. The Location of the Parthian City of Bagistana in Bistoun, Kermanshah: A Proposal. Iranica Antiqua 47 (2011): 117ââ¬â31. Print.Briant, Pierre. History of the Persian Empire (550ââ¬â330 BC). Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. Eds. Curtis, John E., and Nigel Tallis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 12ââ¬â17. Print.Daryaee, Touraj. Persianate Contribution to the Study of Antiquity: Etemad Al-Saltanehs Nativisation of the Qajars. Iran 54.1 (2016): 39ââ¬â45. Print.Ebeling, Signe Oksefjell, and Jarie Ebeling. From Babylon to Bergen: On the Usefulness of Aligned Texts. Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 3.1 (2013): 23ââ¬â42. Print.Finn, Jennifer. Gods, Kings, Men: Trilingual Inscriptions and Symbolic Visualizations in the Achaemenid Empire. Ars Orientalis 41 (2011): 219ââ¬â75. Print.Naaman, Nadav. Abrahams Victory over the Kings of the Four Quadrants in Light of Darius Is Bis itun Inscription. Tel Aviv 42.1 (2015): 72ââ¬â88. Print. Olmstead, A. T. Darius and His Behistun Inscription. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 55.4 (1938): 392ââ¬â416. Print.Rawlinson, H. C. Memoir on the Babylonian and Assyrian Inscriptions. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 14 (1851): iââ¬â16. Print.Tavernier, Jan. An Achaemenid Royal Inscription: The Text of Paragraph 13 of the Aramaic Version of the Bisitun Inscription. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 60.3 (2001): 61ââ¬â176. Print.Wilson-Wright, Aren. From Persepolis to Jerusalem: A Reevaluation of Old Persian-Hebrew Contact in the Achaemenid Period. Vetus Testamentum 65.1 (2015): 152ââ¬â67. Print. rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-25469551113179869902020-03-07T03:00:00.001-08:002020-03-07T03:00:02.798-08:00The role of Inspector Goole in ââ¬ËAn Inspector Callsââ¬â¢ EssaysThe role of Inspector Goole in ââ¬ËAn Inspector Callsââ¬â¢ Essays The role of Inspector Goole in ââ¬ËAn Inspector Callsââ¬â¢ Essay The role of Inspector Goole in ââ¬ËAn Inspector Callsââ¬â¢ Essay Essay Topic: Clueless Literature In this essay I will be discuss the role of the inspector in An Inspector Calls and evaluating his important to the play. An Inspector Calls was written by J.B Priestly in 1945 but was set in Capitalist England during 1912 during this time Socialism was beginning to catch onto society. The play depicts the story of the Birling family and how each member discovers his or her involvement with the death of a girl called Eva Smith (who also called herself Daisy Renton). An Inspector visits them while the family are having dinner, celebrating the engagement of Sheila and Gerald, Sheila being the daughter of the wealthy, prosperous and capitalist businessman Burling. His wife, Sybil is a cold woman and her husbandââ¬â¢s social superior. Their children are Eric; a shy but assertive young man, and Sheila; a pretty young woman who is pleased with life. Gerald Croft, her new fiancà ©, is an attractive, easygoing man who is excited about his new engagement. Their celebration is interrupted by Inspector Goole, a man who creates an ââ¬Å"impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulnessâ⬠. Soon, the story unravels and we discover how each member of the household is responsible for the suicide of Eva Smith. Between 1912 and 1945, many important events occurred, including; both World Wars, the Holocaust, the sink of the Titanic and the Wall Street Crash (resulting in hyperinflation and the great depression). The overall message of the play is to be more socially responsible by taking care of your community as a whole body of people, and to accept that there are other people who are different, or are of a lower class. Priestly wrote the play in 1945, it was set in 1912 however, as a way to reflect on how capitalists neglected their responsibilities as members of a society to care for others. Between the setting of the play and the time it was written, three major world events occurred; the sinking of the Titanic and both World Wars. Priestly set the play in 1912 to enable him to speak out as a socialist about how the capitalists should have changed their ways, almost warning them that if they did not, such events like war would occur. I know this because the inspector says ââ¬Å"if men will not learn that lesson, they will be taught in blood, and fire, and anguishâ⬠. Priestly makes Arthur Birlingââ¬â¢s views seem foolish, and writes him to be an ignorant and stupid character that is clueless about society and how the community can work together. Birling says ââ¬Å"â⬠¦the Titanicâ⬠¦unsinkable, absolutely unsinkableâ⬠and by this, I can recognise how commanding Birling is. I can also identify by how he speaks that he thinks his word is final, and that his decision means everything, even about the sinking of the Titanic. We know that the Titanic did sink, therefore making Birling seem foolish and arrogant. It is a brilliant example of dramatic irony, because the audience know that everything that Birling said would not happen, eventually did happen, and even causes a stir of inner hate at his socialist arrogance and his lack of care for society. This would have been important when this play was written, because England at this time was a Socialist country. We can tell from the stage directions on page eleven that the inspector gives an ââ¬Å"impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulnessâ⬠. By directing the Inspector to seem purposeful, the audience begin questioning his true role in the play is he more important than just a police inspector? What exactly does he represent? We question this because of his behaviour towards the family; any traditional or ââ¬Ënormalââ¬â¢ inspector of the time wouldââ¬â¢ve been empathetic towards the Birlingââ¬â¢s situation and may have been capitalist too. When addressing people, the inspector stares them down and they begin explaining their encounter with Eva Smith. He has a ââ¬Å"disconcerting habit of looking hard at the person he addresses before actually speakingâ⬠. This could scare or worry the family members into unfolding the story of how they all played a part in Eva Smithââ¬â¢s death. Either that or maybe his purposefulness may exist only in his gaze, which he uses to unravel the story to the family. The stage directions show the inspectorââ¬â¢s authority with simple phrases like ââ¬Å"cuting in, with authorityâ⬠. This implies his voice is the most important, he is speaking out for the dead girl and needs to be heard above the family. This also has a political context; the socialists, who at the time the play was set, were only just getting any kind of authority. Also, as this play represents, socialists grew a voice and soon were beginning to be heard above the capitalists. Birling makes a strongly capitalist speech about how people should look after themselves and that society doesnââ¬â¢t matter. He says ââ¬Å"communityand all that nonsense.â⬠This is a perfect example of how Birling views the community as unnecessary and stupid. He deeply believes that a man should look after himself and his own, and he shows no empathy for the dead girl. Also, Birlingââ¬â¢s focus in life is his money and class, which relates to capitalism. Birlingââ¬â¢s speech is interrupted by the familyââ¬â¢s maid, Edna, who introduces the Inspector. Birling welcomes him but immediately becomes defensive and boastful. The Inspector, however, is not phased. The emphasis on the Inspectorââ¬â¢s determination and confidence shows how in control he is. He hushes the family so he can speak by ââ¬Å"cutting in massivelyâ⬠, another portrayal of how commanding he is and his authority over the family. This is also represented by his knowledge, and the way he unnerves Sheila and Eric with his understanding of the whole situation. After leaving the room during Sheila and Geraldââ¬â¢s talk, the Inspector asks ââ¬Å"Well?, showing the audience he already knows about Geraldââ¬â¢s affair to Daisy Renton. During his enquiries, the Inspector remains entirely in control; at times, he is able to ââ¬Å"massively take chargeâ⬠. Sheila regards him ââ¬Å"wonderingly and dubiouslyâ⬠, later she realises no-one told him anything that he didnââ¬â¢t already know. Through his creation of the powerful, all-knowing nature of the character of the Inspector, and through the revelation of the incredible but very real chain of events in which every character is involved, Priestly successfully moves his audience beyond the bounds of naturalism. It is the unreal quality of the Inspector and his final prophecy of ââ¬Å"fire and blood and anguishâ⬠referring to World War One which would start only two years after this play was set that successfully imbues the Inspector with an almost supernatural intelligence. To the Inspector, Eva Smith represents all the ââ¬Ëlower classââ¬â¢ socialists of the time. The surname ââ¬ËSmithââ¬â¢ was very common at this time, again representing a vast quantity of people who were finding working life difficult. It is this that again makes us question the Inspectorââ¬â¢s existence was he simply a voice for the lower, working class citizens of England? He says ââ¬Å"there are millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with usâ⬠¦intertwines with our livesâ⬠. He is explaining that by the family realising the consequences of their actions towards Eva Smith, they should reform themselves and treat everyone with respect. The Inspectorââ¬â¢s timing is almost perfect, both upon arrival and when leaving. He arrives during Birlingââ¬â¢s capitalist speech, representing how socialism would soon overpower capitalism. Also, the lighting changes, emphasising the Inspectorââ¬â¢s important and authority in the play. The Inspector leaves at the end of his speech, which of course completely contrasts with what Birling was talking about in the beginning. The Inspector leaves just before Geraldââ¬â¢s return, who explains t the family that Inspector Goole is not a real inspector. This magnifies the Inspectorââ¬â¢s mysterious character and leaves the family and the audience questioning his existence and purpose in the play. rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-75925365808919143592020-02-19T18:24:00.001-08:002020-02-19T18:24:02.992-08:00DNA is the most important for life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsDNA is the most important for life - Essay Example This essay argues the DNA is the most important molecule for life. Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is a nucleic molecule that functions as one of the most central aspects of living organisms. Contained within DNA are the fundamental aspects of all living things; in these regards, DNA functions as a sort of encyclopedic instruction manual for all elements within the human genetic system. Another way of viewing DNA is as a blueprint for the living organism. When new components, including RNA or proteins need to be constructed, it is the DNA that determines how these elements will be constituted. Figure 1 below demonstrates the basic DNA genetic components. Itââ¬â¢s for these reasons itââ¬â¢s clear DNA is more important to the construction of life than these components. While DNA is recognized as an essential blueprint for all living organisms, it all contains a number of important live creating and sustaining functions within these organisms. One such function is that of transcription. Within DNA there are genes, which are strands of material that influence the constitution of living elements (Cooper). These genes contain genetic components influence the organismââ¬â¢s phenotype through transcription processes. This transcription process functions through informing the sequences of RNA and protein. During this process the codons of a gene are implemented in transcribing RNA polymerase (Pollard). This process is then decoded through ribosomes that read the base-pairing messenger elements. This process occurs in a great variety of life producing ways, with sixty-four possible combinations, making DNA a core element for daily life. This process is witnessed below in Fig. 2. Fig. 2 Transcription Another core function of DNA that makes it the most important molecule for life is witnessed in its interaction with protein in the body. All components of protein interaction rely on DNA. Some of the most notable elements in terms of life-producing components occur in the domain of structural proteins. In the interaction between DNA and structural proteins, the important life-producing element of chromatin is produced (Van Holde). This element is used for the important life functions of mitosis and meiosis. Ultimately, itââ¬â¢s the combination of these elements that make DNA the most important molecule for life in living organisms. In conclusion, this essay has demonstrated that Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA functions as the most important molecule for life in living organisms. While DNA functions in countless and complex ways, this essay has considered what it considers to be the most prominent such aspects. In these regards, DNAââ¬â¢s function as the blueprint of the living organism is considered as its primary function. In addition to this component, DNA also functions in transcription processes and in the development of chromatin. Ultimately, itââ¬â¢s the combination of these elements that makes DNA the most important component in living organisms. References Cooper, Geoffrey M. 2000. The Cell, 2nd edition, A Molecular Approach. Pollard, T. 2002. Cell Biology. Saunders. Van Holde KE. 1989. Chromatin. New York: rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-21874716520328824822020-02-04T11:32:00.001-08:002020-02-04T11:32:03.357-08:00Luminultra company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsLuminultra company - Assignment Example stomer traction for LuminUltra technologies may involve internet-marketing techniques such as search engine optimization that is aimed at the targeted segments of the market. This should involve strong highlights of the comparative advantage of these technologies and their levels of effectiveness in providing business solutions across the different categories of the market where they are applicable. Some of the strong selling points that could help in gaining customer traction include the factors of speed, accuracy, and completeness in the process of determining microbiological activity (LuminUltra Technologies, 2004). These attributes should be highlighted in form of providing solutions to challenges associated with alternative forms of technology that operate within the same line of business. For instance, the company should impress on the customers the value of speed and effectiveness in minimizing the levels of risk while also reducing the costs that could have been incurred through alternative systems. Traction could also be gained by showcasing the different areas within which LuminUltra technologies apply. Generally, this could involve such areas as water treatment, biological wastewater treatment, chemical products, and industrial water products. Usually, many customers prefer relying on a single company for business solutions for the sake of convenience and consistency (Sandberg, 2008). In order to overcome the objections of the customers, it might be necessary to provide demonstrations and sufficient pieces of information that illustrate the efficiency in the mechanics involved. Further, the company could establish strategic partnerships with renowned service providers that operate in related, though not entirely similar line of business. Such strategies have proved efficient in winning the confidence of the markets for up-start businesses. Customer objections are usually based on the fear of the unknown. New technologies are often deemed disruptive to rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-6182757574396919842020-01-27T07:56:00.001-08:002020-01-27T07:56:04.305-08:00Polycultural Education: Overview and ReflectionPolycultural Education: Overview and Reflection The problem of enhancement of education belongs to a number of those pedagogical problems which dont lose the relevance eventually. The modern situation in modern society is characterized by the growth of the local ethnic conflicts. Tasks of preserving safety in modern society require continuous work on studying the nature of the conflicts between representatives of various ethnic groups, their influences on the social and economic life of society, and also search of ways of their overcoming. All this sets serious problems for education which cant but react to the taking place events in society. The experience of foreign countries, in particular, the USA, shows that educational institutions are the main structures where the purposeful uniting and peacekeeping policy is pursued. Therefore, education can help society to bring up youth in the spirit of the humane attitude towards representatives of other cultures and to find effective methods of a decrease in international hostility whi ch can be applicable in a social environment in one hand and in another hand can help to improve students grades. Nowadays, researchers propose a theory of culturally focused pedagogy that might be considered in the reformation of teacher education. According to Lopez, (2016), some researchers assert that culturally responsive teaching (CRT) improves academic achievement because it views students culture and language as strengths. All schools have their ratings, and parents usually want to send their children to that school where the ratings are very high. Also, parents look for schools where their children can feel themselves comfortable in other words, in their plates. As an educational leader, I would like to incorporate cultural pedagogies at my school. According to that place where teachers will work, we should prepare future teachers with following requisite teacher beliefs. They are high expectations, cultural knowledge, cultural content integration, and of course language. Firstly, I would like to speak about high expectations. There are so many cultures, which are mixed in every country during the globalization and the role of all teachers be closer to their students helping them to overcome any academicals issues which they will face. According to Villegas and Lucas (2002) state, Teachers attitudes toward students significantly shape the expectations they hold for student learning, their treatment of students, and what students ultimately learn (p. 23). It means that all teachers are responsible for their students performance. Teachers should make standards-based content and curricula accessible to students and teach in a way that students can understand using aspects of their cultures. Once students feel comfortable with how a teacher talks and discusses academic material, they will feel comfortable enough to focus and try to learn the content. For example, in my country when I became a class teacher, I had a class with bad ratings. There were many children from problematic families. I mean, not full families, where they dont have father or mother or both of them. Children were psychologically closed in their inner world. All teachers didnt want to go and teach them because children didnt take a part in discussion or activities during the lesson. And of course, their marks were really bad. It was for me very hard to understand those children, but I did. I started to spend more time with them, and every time I told them you are the best and you can change the world. I encouraged them with sports and they won sports competition at the school. They were very happy. Next, my step was to improve their knowledge. I told them that they won sports Olympiad at the school and it means they are not bad. If they could do it, they can do the best in their subjects too. And they did. I was very satisfied when all my children started to show good results at school. The second, in my opinion, is much important to have cultural knowledge. To know how to teach them using their cultures, traditions and teaching styles. I mean how to behave yourself. New teachers should know all about students culture and the books which they will use in their classes should have included famous and well-known people from local culture. It will keep students attention during the class in one hand and in another hand they will learn many interesting facts which they didnt know before. The treatment of differences as traits, however, may be in part due to the emphasis on differences in ways students learn, and how these merit considerations by teachers. Gay (2002), for example, states that Culture encompasses many things, some of which are more important to know than others because they have direct implications for teaching and learning. Among these are ethnic groups cultural values, traditions, communication, learning styles, contributions, and relational patterns (p .107). The CRT literature is consistent in the need to validate students cultural experiences as knowledge. Avoiding the reduction of cultural experiences as traits, cultural knowledge is also represented in constructivist views of learning, where learners use their prior knowledge and beliefs . . . to make sense of the new input (Villegas Lucas, 2002, p. 25). Ladson-Billings (1995a) shares the constructivist view in her conceptions of self and others, where teachers believed in a Freirean notion of teaching as mining or pulling knowledge out (p. 479), as well as the use of student culture as a vehicle for learning (Ladson-Billings, 1995b, p. 161). According to Crystal Kuykendall, a former executive director of the National Alliance of Black School Educators, culture determines how children perceive life and their relationship to the world. Because culture also influences how and what children learn, educators can use culture to improve self-image and achievement. Not only must tea chers show an appreciation of cultural diversity, they must also incorporate teaching strategies that are congruent with the learning styles of their students (1989, pp. 32-33). The ways culture has been represented in practice, however, have proven to be problematic, as reflected by Ladson-Billings (2014) in her statement, Many practitioners, and those who claim to translate research to practice, seem stuck in very limited and superficial notions of culture (p.77). She elaborates, The idea that adding some books about people of color, having a classroom Kwanzaa celebration, or posting diverse images makes one culturally relevant seem to be what the pedagogy has been reduced to (Ladson-Billings, 2014, p.82). The teacher is the person who has to create a bridge between students home and school lives. So, they should learn students culture from them and their families. The third significant role is playing cultural content integration. To represent students culture as a way to create new knowledge, teachers have to add to the educational process cultural information, resources, and materials reflected in all subjects taught in schools. What information should be included in the curriculum, how it should be integrated into the existing curriculum, and its location within the curriculum, this content integration was described by Banks (1993). And the CRT scholars explain that incorporating students culture into the curriculum affirms the legitimacy of cultural heritages of different ethnic groups, both as legacies that affect students dispositions, attitudes, and approaches to learning and as worthy content to be taught in the formal curriculum (Gay, 2000, p. 29). This is also one of the element to increase students cultural attitudes, which also will be positively reflected on their knowledge. The last one and very important is language. It is not enough to be an attractive teacher after the teacher should follow his or her followers. Thats why the teacher should know students native language. Teachers may not know a 100% of that language but should understand and sometimes use it to explain some kind of hard theme in students language. If the teacher will know students language it will give the opportunity to respect him or her. It is always good to understand each other when the student didnt understand some materials from the book. Gonzà ¡lez (2001) states, to speak of language is to speak of our selves. Language is at the heart, literally and metaphorically, of who we are, how we present ourselves, and how others see us. . . . The ineffable link of language to emotion, to the very core of our being, is one of the ties that bind children to a sense of heritage. (p. xix). Look into blends have reliably supported methodologies that support understudies in their local dia lect (e.g., August Shanahan, 2008; Salazar, 1998; Slavin Cheung, 2005), and the advantages of utilizing students non-English local dialects as a part of direction are not restricted to psychological advantages (e.g., Peal Lambert, 1962). The matter of examining language and its role in achievement trajectories, however, is not simply a conceptualization that applies to non-EL students. As described by Garcà a (2009): In cases when bilingualism is developed after the language practices of a community have been suppressed, the development of the communitys mother tongue is not a simple addition that starts from a monolingual point. . . . Therefore, bilingualism is not simply additive, but recursive. (p. 52). Consistent with the view of language as not being limited to ELs, Darder (2012) asserts, It is critical that educators recognize the role language plays as one of the most powerful transmitters of culture, and as such, its central role in both intellectual formation and the s urvival of subordinate cultural populations (p. 36). For instance, when I was teaching, in my class were many children from other nationality. There were Uzbeks, Tatar, Turkish, Russian and other. I tried to speak using all these languages. And you know what, my children tried to correct me if I were wrong. In this way, we could be close to each other. When a teacher knows students language, students usually start to respect their teacher. And this is fact. To conclude, polyculture education is the special mentality based on the ideas of freedom, justice, equality; the educational reform aimed at transformation of traditional educational systems so that they corresponded to interests, educational needs and opportunities of pupils irrespective of racial, ethnic, language, social, gender, religious, cultural origin; the cross-disciplinary process penetrating the content of all disciplines of the training program, but not separate courses, methods and the strategy of training, relationship between all participants of the teaching and educational environment; process of familiarizing of pupils with richness of world culture through consecutive assimilation of knowledge of native and national cultures, arms of pupils ability to critically analyze any information in order to avoid fallacies, and also formations of the tolerant attitude towards cultural distinctions the qualities necessary for life in the multicultural world. References: Anderson, L. M., Stillman, J. A. (2013). Student teachings contribution to preserviceà teacher development: A review of research focused on the preparation of teachers forà urban and high-needs contexts. Review of Educational Research, 83(1), 3-69. Antrop-Gonzà ¡lez, R., Và ©lez, W., Garrett, T. (2004). Challenging the academic (MIS) categorizationà of urban youth: Building a case for Puerto Rican high achievers. Multiple Voices forà Ethnically Diverse Exceptional Learners, 7(2), 16-32. Antrop-Gonzà ¡lez, R., Và ©lez, W., Garrett, T. (2008). Examining familial-based academic successà factors in urban high school students: The case of Puerto Rican female high achievers.à Marriage Family Review, 43(1-2), 140-163.à Banks, J. A. (1993). Multicultural education: Historical development, dimensions, and practice.à Review of Research in Education, 19(1), 3-49.à Darder, A. (2012). Culture and power in the classroom: A critical foundation for the education ofà bicultural students. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press.à Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Teacher Education,à 53(2), 106-116.à Gay, G. (2000). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice. New York,à NY: Teachers College Press.à Gay, G. (2010). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice (2nd ed.). New York,à NY: Teachers College Press.à Ladson-Billings, G. (1995a). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. Americanà Educational Research Journal, 32(3), 465-491.à Ladson-Billings, G. (1995b). But thats just good teaching! The case for culturally relevantà pedagogy. Theory Into Practice 34(3), 159-165.à Ladson-Billings, G. (2014). Culturally relevant pedagogy 2.0: aka the remix. Harvardà Educational Review, 84(1), 74-84. Research: Prevalence of Induced Abortions Research: Prevalence of Induced Abortions Shahida Abbasi Literature Review: Prevalence of induced abortion Prevalence of inducedd Abortion in KP, Pakistan Introduction: Maternal morbidity and mortality (MMR) due to complication of unsafe inducedd abortion constitute a major public health concern in many countries. It is assumed that most of the induced abortions are performed by unskilled personnel. Opting unsafe abortion may lead to severe morbidity and infection which results in affecting quality of life. The ultimate result of unsafe abortion is death, which is one of the contributing factors to increase MMR. Low literacy levels, ineffective use of contraceptive and high unmet need are major contributing factors for unintended pregnancies. World Health Organization (2008) most recent report estimated that each year 80 million unintended pregnancies occurs, of these 33 million are caused by ineffective use of a contraceptive methods. The World Health Organization definesâ⬠unsafe abortion as a procedure for terminating an unintended pregnancy carried out either by persons lacking the necessary skills or in an environment that do es not conform to minimal medical standards, or bothâ⬠(p.1). Nearly all unsafe abortions (97%) are in developing countries. Grimes, et.al. (2006) estimated that 68 000 women die worldwide as a result of complications due to unsafe abortion. In addition, it is estimated that in 2008, in developing countries the rate of inducedd abortion has been increased from 78% to 86% in 1985. South-Central Asia accounts for 200 deaths per 100,000 abortions. In our country the actual data related to induced abortion are scarce due to under reported cases because of legal implications. Naqvi and Edhi (2013) revealed that Pakistan is among the top six countries where atmost half of the worldââ¬â¢s all maternal deaths occur. Grimes, et.al. (2006) reported that in Pakistan, abortion rate was estimated 29 per 1000 women per yea. Unlike other causes of MMR, death due to induced abortion is absolutely preventable. It is hypothesized that abortion rate is to be higher in the communities with poor socioeconomic status where contraceptive use is lower and rate of unwanted pregnancies is higher. Significance of the study: There is scarcity of community base studies of induced abortions, especially in KP. Most of the studies on prevalence of induced abortion have been conducted in hospital setting. Only women, who develop complications after induction, visit for treatment. Consequently the hospital studies do not represent the true profile of the abortion seekers living in community level. Moreover, findings of this study will purely represent the profile abortion seeker and determinants which will enable the health professionals to plan safe and better care for them. Finally, findings of this study will be used to improve the standards of care in terms of knowledge and practice for induced abortion. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine the profile of abortion seeker, prevalence of inducedd abortion, determinants, complication in the community level. In addition, this study also aims to identify standards of safe abortion care provided in the clinic in community level. Study Question: To explore the prevalence and determinants of induced abortion in the community level in the Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Pakistan. What is the prevalence rate of induced abortion in the community level? What is the level of knowledge of the women who seeks induced abortion? What are the standards of safe abortion care in the abortion clinic? Search Strategies: Pub Med, CINAHL and Mosbys Nursing Consult used as data source for this paper. Studies published between February 2000 and February 2014 on the topic ââ¬Å"induceds abortionâ⬠were included. To retrieve relevant literature, electronic databases were searched using a combination of the key terms, namely: (MMR), inducedd abortion, unsafe abortion, causes and complication. Net search was also extended to Google scholar, Population Council of Pakistan and WHO web search to capture the relevant studies. Search generated 150 articles, and through a selection process, 100 were rejected after reading the title and abstract of the article. Inclusion Criteria: Articles with the same key words published after 2000. Exclusion Criteria: Articles were excluded if the study explored: (1) Abortion due to fetal anomalies (2) Illegal abortion (3) Abortion when the mother health is in danger Critical Review Analysis/ Synthesis Determinants of inducedd abortion: Rehan, Inayatullah, and Chaudhary, (2001) and Shah, Hossain, Noonari, and Khan,(2011) Study conducted in 32 clinics 452 women were interviewed to find out characteristics of Pakistani women seeking abortion. A majority of the women (36.6%) were aged 35 years, 61.0% had given birth to 5 children, among them only 40.2% were illiterate. among them (62.8%) were illiterate. The major cause for abortion were ââ¬Å"multi-gravidityâ⬠(64.4%), contraceptive failure was the second highest cause (20.3%). Most of the abortions were performed by incompetently trained persons. Saleem and Fikree (2005) study also substantiate these findings (e.g., example multiparous). Most of the women irrespective of their education who undergone for induced abortion wanted a small family. Similar study conducted by Shah, Hossain, Noonari, and Khan,(2011) reported that n= 43 women who were admitted for treatment of induced abortion related complications. Of these (35%) die d due to abortion related complications which accounts for 9.7% of total MMR. DC is the most preferred method used for unsafe abortion (68.4%) despite the fact that manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) is safest technique for induced abortion. Most of the inducedd abortions were performed by untrained abortion providers (84.6%). It is assumed by the researcher that most of the doctors refuse to perform abortion because of having inadequate knowledge. On the contrary Rehan, (2003) reported that among 114 health professionals all of them were aware of the country abortion law. Of these 67.3% have negative attitude towards the induced abortion. One study conducted in field sites by Saleem and Fikree (2005) reported that the causes for unplanned pregnancies were ineffective use of contraceptive and desire to have small family size. The profile of abortion seeker is similar to reports from Rehan, et.al. (2001). Complication of unsafe abortion: A case study of a 29-year old woman who underwent for an unsafe abortion forà unintended pregnancy reported by Naqvi and Edhi, (2013) that the unskilled person perforated the uterus during DC and pulled out the intestine through vagina. Another study conducted by Shah, Hossain, Noonari, and Khan(2011) identified that septicemia was the most common complication (79%) followed by uterine perforation or bowel perforation (30.2%). Hemorrhage accounts for third frequent complication (20.9%). Shaikh, Abbassi , Rizwan, and Abbasi (2010) conducted a study n=230 on admitted patients with complication due to unsafe abortion. induced abortion for 80% of the women were performed by the trained health professionals while for 20% abortion performed by Traditional Birth Attendant (TBA). Major complications included uterine perforation and gastrointestinal injury, observed in (54.0%) women. Hemorrhage was observed in (26.0%) women. Of these 50 women, (12.0%) women died due to septicemia developed because of delay to avail health services after having unsafe abortion and related complications. Saleem and Fikree (2005) study findings shows that 61% of the women reported heavy vaginal bleeding and fever. 19 of these admitted for treatment due to complication of unsafe abortion. (7/19) received blood transfusion. DC was the most frequent method for induction. This report indicates that induced abortion is a significant reproductive health problem causing morbidity and fatality, which needs special attention of the policy makers. Moreover, Rahim, Shafqat, and Faiz, (2011) study findings revealed that 9 women out of 268 died due to unsafe abortion in Peshawar, Pakistan, which accounts for 3.4% MMR. Gap analysis: Despite the fact that induceds abortion is prohibited by the law and religion findings of the studies suggest that it fairly prevalent in the country. Majority of women, who develop complications, seek treatment from public hospital. Consequently the hospital studies do not represent the true profile of the abortion seekers living in community level. Moreover, findings of this study will purely depict profile abortion seeker and their problems which will enable the health professionals to plan safe and better care for them. Emphasis should be placed on improving the technical expertise of the health professionals in order to enable them to provide safe abortion care and treat unsafe abortion related complication. All those facilities which provide abortion care should be monitored against the WHO standards. Post abortion family planning counseling should be the part of the service. By preventing abortions related complications and deaths we can save our children from becoming motherless. References Grimes, D. A., Benson, J., Singh, S., Romero, M., Ganatra, B., Okonofua, F. E., Shah, I. H. (2006). Unsafe abortion: the preventable pandemic.The Lancet,368(9550), 1908-1919. Khan, A. (2013). inducedd Abortion in Pakistan: Community Based Research.JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association,63(4 Suppl 3), S27-32. Korejo, R., Noorani, K. J., Bhutta, S. (2003). Sociocultural determinants of inducedd abortion. Journal of the College of Physicians and SurgeonsPakistan: JCPSP, 13(5), 260. Ãâ¡Ã ºhman, E., Shah, I. H. (2011). New estimates and trends regarding unsafe abortion mortality.International Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics,115(2), 121-126. Naqvi, K. Z., Edhi, M. M. (2013). The horror of unsafe abortion: case report of a life threatening complication in a 29-year old woman.Patient safety in surgery,7(1), 1-4. Rahim, R., Shafqat, T., Faiz, N. R. (2011). An analysis of direct causes of maternal mortality.Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan),20(1). Rehan, N. (2003). Attitudes of health care providers to inducedd abortion in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc, 53(7), 293-6. Rehan, N., Inayatullah, A., Chaudhary, I. (2001). Characteristics of Pakistani women seeking abortion and a profile of abortion clinics. Journal of womens health gender-based medicine, 10(8), 805-810. Saleem, S., Fikree, F. F. (2005). The quest for small family size among Pakistani women-is voluntary termination of pregnancy a matter of choice or necessity?. quest. Sathar, Z. A., Singh, S., Fikree, F. F. (2007). Estimating the incidence of abortion in Pakistan.Studies in Family Planning,38(1), 11-22. Shah, N., Hossain, N., Noonari, M., Khan, N. H. (2011). Maternal mortality and morbidity of unsafe abortion in a university teaching hospital of Karachi, Pakistan.JPMA-Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association,61(6), 582. Shaikh, Z., Abbassi, R. M., Rizwan, N., Abbasi, S. (2010). Morbidity and mortality due to unsafe abortion in Pakistan. International Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics, 110(1), 47-49. WHO, Unsafe abortion: Global and regional estimates of the 2011. 22 Feb. 2014 http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241501118_eng.pdf> World Health Organization. Unsafe abortion incidence and mortality World Health Organization. 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75173/1/WHO_RHR_12.01_eng.pdf> Unsafe Abortion: Unnecessary Maternal Mortality. 2009. 22 Feb. 2014 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2709326/> Safe and unsafe inducedd abortion World Health Organization. 2014. 22 Feb. 2014 http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75174/1/WHO_RHR_12.02_eng.pdf?ua=1> Newhouse, RP. Advanced Practice Nurse Outcomes 1990-2008: A Systematic Review. 2011. https://www.nursingeconomics.net/ce/2013/article3001021.pdf> Rehan, N, Attiya Inayatullah, and Iffat Chaudhary. Characteristics of Pakistani women seeking abortion and a profile of abortion clinics. Journal of womens health gender-based medicine 10.8 (2001): 805-810. Shah, Nusrat et al. Maternal mortality and morbidity of unsafe abortion in a university teaching hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. JPMA-Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 61.6 (2011): 582. Shah, Nusrat et al. Maternal mortality and morbidity of unsafe abortion in a university teaching hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. JPMA-Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 61.6 (2011): 582. Rahim, Rehana, Tanveer Shafqat, and Nasreen Ruby Faiz. An analysis of direct causes of maternal mortality. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan) 20.1 (2011). Maternal and Perinatal Health in Developing Countries. 22 Feb. 2014 http://books.google.com/books?id=tPi0-hLbTtECpg=PA112lpg=PA112dq=Shaikh,+Abbassi+,+Rizwan,+and+Abbasi+(2010)source=blots=crdQlY4AHgsig=1ZNnZdi8q-99Pg7_vd1BOC0Gock> rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-17138113110455118612020-01-19T04:20:00.001-08:002020-01-19T04:20:04.369-08:00Frankenstein and Human Cloning EssayWhat is life? What defines a person? Do you believe humans should have the right to create life? Are there any consequences? In 1831 Mary Shelly wrote Frankenstein or; The Modern Prometheus, a magnificent depiction of a man taking up Godââ¬â¢s role of creator of life. Victor wanted to achieve biological immortality. Yet, within the instance of success Victor outright rejected his creation as ââ¬Å"monstrousâ⬠, a unit for being unworthy of human life. In this paper, I argue that Frankenstein and the idea cloning have a lot in common, because the two topics share pros and cons on behalf of their out coming result. Victor Frankensteinââ¬â¢s monster compared to cloning takes place without the act of a sexual union between a male and female. In general, cloning is the modern Frankenstein, just like Frankenstein is the modern Prometheus. Prometheus stole fire from the Gods; he had taken something that did not belong to the humans and given it to mankind and was essentially punished for his actions. In the same way, Victor Frankenstein lets his ambition overpower him. Victor took from God what was not his, and created a destructive monster in effect of his strong desire for creating human life. Human cloning is also a controversial subject stating that humans have no power by Gods to develop life or control death. According to the Human Genome Project, there are three types of cloning: DNA, therapeutic, and reproductive cloning. DNA cloning involves transferring DNA from a donor to another organism. Therapeutic cloning, known as embryo cloning; which involves harvesting stem cells from human embryos to grow new organs for transplant. Reproductive cloning creates a copy of the host. Victor Frankenstein created his monster using Reproductive cloning from distinctive body parts of different host organisms. To make his creature, Victor Frankenstein raided grave yards and spent a lot of his time in slaughter houses as well as dissecting rooms to borrow body parts from the dead to use for his creature. Cloning in relation to Frankenstein also uses the process of borrowing; by obtaining genetic materials from embryos to make identical duplicates. With all the allusions to fire and electricity found throughout the novel, to both ââ¬Å"sparkâ⬠and ââ¬Å"glimmerâ⬠give the reader clues as to how Frankenstein used electric currents to stimulate the patched together dead body of his monster. Comparatively, cloning also employs the use of electricity to promote the division of cells also known as life. In the process of stimulating his creation to life, Victor Frankenstein accidentally puts a criminal brain into his monster, therefore skewing the monsterââ¬â¢s behavior. Cloning is often unsuccessful. According to the Human Genome Project, it takes sometimes ââ¬Å"100 attempts to create one successful cloneâ⬠. Frankensteinââ¬â¢s monster had all components and feelings of a human being, but was not born out of a womanââ¬â¢s womb and was not sexually produced. The creature was created not in Godââ¬â¢s image, but in Victorââ¬â¢s image. Todayââ¬â¢s cloning process, like the methods of creating life used by Dr. Frankenstein, arouses a controversy of morals and ethics from religious viewpoints. Cloning has a lot to do with the desires of man. Frankenstein desired to create life. Desires, otherwise known as temptations in these cases, bring us to a great fault. By taking the place of God, to make their own definition of a ââ¬Å"personâ⬠, Frankenstein and the creators of cloning are defying God and going against the Bibleââ¬â¢s moral standards. In defining life we get a deep look into how Frankenstein and cloning compare. They are very alike in many ways. These things teach us that life and the universe are unknowable, and are not meant to be completely known. We are not meant to become boundless creators. Rather, we are the created ââ¬â created by God. rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-46864085650274384432020-01-11T00:44:00.001-08:002020-01-11T00:44:05.940-08:00Air and Sea Travel Case StudyAir & Sea Travel Inc. Case study Air & Sea Travel Inc. a travel agency began operations on April 1, 20X6. During April, the business provided travel services for clients. It is now April 30, and investors wonder how well Air & Sea Travel performed during its first month. They also want to know the companyââ¬â¢s financial position at the end of April and its cash flows during the month. The following data is listed in alphabetical order. Prepare the Air & Sea Travel financial statements at end of April 20X6. Accounts payable |$100 |Land |$18,000 | |Accounts receivable |2,000 |Office supplies |500 | |Adjustments to reconcile net | |Payments of cash: | | | income to net cash provided | | Acquisition of land |40,000 | | by operating activities |(2,400) | Dividends |2,100 | |Cash balance at the beginning of April |0 |Rent expense |1,100 | |Cash balance at the end of April |33,300 |Retained earnings at the beginning of April | | | | | |0 | |Cash receipts: | |Retained earnings at the e nd of April |? | | Issuance stock |50,000 |Salary expense | 1200 | | Sale of land |22,000 |Service revenue |8,500 | |Common stock |50,000 |Utilities xpense |400 | |Dividends |2,100 | | | 1. Prepare the income statement, the statement of retained earnings, the statement of cash flows for the month ended April 30, 20X6, and the balance sheet at April 30, 20X6. 2. Answer the following questions: a. How well did Air & Sea Travel perform during its first month of operations? b. Where does Air & Sea Travel stand financially at the end of April? ASSETSLIABILITIES Cash33,300Account payable100 Account receivable2,000Land 18,000 Insurance stock50,000Office supplies500 Sale of land 22,000Payment of cashCommon stock50,000 Acquisition of land40,000 Dividends2,100 Dividends2,100 Service revenue8,500Rent expense1,100 Salary expense1,200 Utilities expense400 Adjustment to reconcile 2,400 net income to net cash provided by operating activities 1. |Air & Sea Travel Inc. | |Income Statement | |Apr il 30, 20X6 | |Revenues |8,500 | |Expenses |2,700 | |Rent expense 1,100 | |Salary expense |1200 | |Utilities expense |400 | |Net income |5,800 | |Air & Sea Travel Inc. | |Statement of Retained Earnings | |April 30, 20X6 | | | | |Beginning of Retained Earnings |0 | |Net income |5,800 | |Cash dividends |(2,100) | |Ending Retained Earnings |3,700 | |Air & Sea Travel Inc. |Balance Sheet | |April 30, 20X6 | | | | |Assets | | |Cash |33,300 | |All other assets |20,500 | |Land |18,000 | |Office supplies |500 | |Account receivable |2,000 | |Total assets |53,800 | |Liabilities | | |Acount Payable |100 | |Total liabilities |100 | |Stockholder's equity | | |Common stock |50,000 | |Retained earnings |3,700 | |All other equity |0 | |Total liabilities and stockholder's equity |53,800 | |Air & Sea Travel Inc. |Statement of Cash Flows | |April 30, 20X6 | |Net cash provided by operating activities | |3,400 | |Net income |5,800 | | |Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by op erating activities |(2,400) | | |Net cash used for investing activities | |(18,000) | | Sale of land |22,000 | | |Acquisition of land |(40,000) | | |Net cash provided by financing activities | |47,900 | |Issuance stock |50,000 | | |Dividends |(2,100) | | |Net change in cash | | 33,300 | |Beginning cash balance | |0 | |Ending cash balance | | 33,300 | 2. a) They performed very well, since they got profit in the end of the month. They do not pay too much salary and they donââ¬â¢t have too many depts. To be a financially well-managed company, it must generate profit, meaning there is more money coming in than going out. This looks to be well managed company since there is a lot of profit in the end of the month. Income Statement, Statement of Retained Earnings, Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows are all on the plus side. Nothing seems to be out of order. b) They have 33,300 retained earnings at the end of April, which means a good profit. rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-28213067886471431682020-01-02T21:06:00.001-08:002020-01-02T21:06:03.644-08:00Teen Pregnancy Essay - 710 Words Prevent Teen Pregnancy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; After reading Martha Balashââ¬â¢s article, Schools Can Help to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Balash has put time and effort into this proposal on stopping Teen Pregnancy. I think Balashââ¬â¢s introduction is very effective because she goes straight to the facts. She doesnââ¬â¢t try to mislead you with any false facts. She goes straight to the point and the point is to prevent teen pregnancy. Balash tells that schools has more influence over teen pregnancy than what the public thinks. She thinks that if schools and parents put enough effort into their teen pregnancy programs that the teen pregnancy numbers will drop. And I agree with Balash on this subject fully. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦They may rely on personal memories or past experiences. And in a sense it is not helping out the teenagers but actually hurting them in the long run. They will learn from the adultsââ¬â¢ mistakes and not from there own. The teenage birth rate is declining. Between 1991 and 2002, the rate fell by 30 percent (from 61.8 per 1,000 women to 43). Still, in 2002 (the most recent year for which data are available), about 4 teenage girls in 100 had a baby. Teen pregnancy rates have declined in recent years. The decline is thought to be attributed to more effective birth control practice and decreased sexual activity among teens. And Balash believes that these rates have declined because of better education and teens are not having as much as sex, since they now know the consequences. Teen pregnancy is an important issue. There are health risks to the children born to teenage mothers. Most are more likely to suffer health, social, and emotional problems. There is an increased risk for complications such as premature labor during teen pregnancy and socioeconomic consequences as well. Teenage pregnancy and childbearing also have substantial economic consequences for society in the form of increased welfare costs. The federal government spent over $38.0 billion to provide services and support to families that began with a birth to a teen. This includes families headed by adult females who were teenagers when they had their first child. The federalShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy1426 Words à |à 6 PagesIntroduction Teen pregnancy is often unplanned and challenging for the future life of mother and child. The increase risk of health problems for both mother and baby occur during teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy impacts adolescent development in all aspects: physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development. Negative consequences result from teen pregnancy include: low income, increased school dropout rates, lower educational levels, and increased rates of substance abuse (Garwood, Gerassi, ReidRead MoreTeen Pregnancy1023 Words à |à 5 PagesDoes access to condoms prevent teen pregnancy? Adolescent pregnancies remain a concern in public health worldwide. 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There are risks of having sex, teen moms can make a difference for her and the baby, the risk of having HIV and/or any other STDââ¬â¢s, and the effects on theRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1341 Words à |à 6 PagesTeenage pregnancy is a prominent dilemma in our nation because it continues to place adolescents into delinquency. According to the United States Health and Human Services, three out of ten American teen girls will become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of twenty. That is nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies in a year (1) (HHS Pg.2 2014). Also according to U.S. Department of State, teen pregnancy budgets the United States and tax payers approximately seven billion dollars annually (2)Read MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1664 Words à |à 7 PagesTerrazas English 4 Miss Stahlecker 4 November 2015 Teenage Pregnancy According to cda.org, in 2013, a total of 273,105 babies were born to women that were in between the ages of 15-19 years old. 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Earning an education is challenging enough, but when there is a teen parent trying to finish their education it becomes more difficult than it would beRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teens978 Words à |à 4 Pagesare getting younger in age, and the birth rate is rising higher. Mississippi has the highest birth rates in teen pregnancy, and has held this title for the past few years. This problem has had such a rise to fame becau se this is a problem that can be prevented. Parents and communities should take action to help lower the teen pregnancy birth rate in Mississippi. Since the birth rate in teens is so high that means there is more need of government assistance. This becomes such a problem in states because rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-26939578183169777392019-12-25T17:33:00.001-08:002019-12-25T17:33:03.924-08:00William Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay Shakespeareââ¬â¢s The Merchant of Venice is so alike to our financially afflicted world. The rules of law and commerce are subject to deceptive manipulation, fear of the other overwhelms respect for a common humanity, duplicity is the norm, sexuality is a vehicle for ambition, and money drives and wraps almost every action. It is a classic tale that includes important details of the financial crisis in the United States during 2007-2009. Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Venice, like the New York of his time - and the financial capitals of ours - is a city based on borrowing, on market speculation and greed masquerading as wealth and sophistication. Behind the curtains of the practice of lending and borrowing money in Shakespeareââ¬â¢s play lay the transition to capitalism: the rise of banking system; the scarcity for credit in developing industrial enterprises; and the growing dispute of default facing both aristocratic landlords and, above all, small, independent early entrepreneurs on tr ading ventures. Even though almost 600 years apart from each other, both Shakespeareââ¬â¢s tale and the financial crisis in the United States during 2007-2009 have a similar financial dilemma, each has its unique Shylock, Bassanio and Antonio- people who were responsible for causing the meltdown of their days. We all know from our course that leverage and liquidity risks of financial institutions are vulnerable to the crisis. The financial crisis that emerged in 2007 had many and varied causes, but one of its mostShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1624 Words à |à 7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s comedy The Merchant of Venice uses contrasting religions to draw out major themes through the ethnic divides that are exemplified. The play expresses the extreme cultural divide between the Jews and Christians through a legal contract between two men. The rivalry between the two men, Shylock and Antonio is clear from the beginning of the play and only intensifies as it continues on. Modern day readers most likely take away a slightly different message from the play than whatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1320 Words à |à 6 Pagesghetto, and were treated as inferior to the rest of the city. William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s play The Merchant of Veni ce exhibits the prejudicial attitudes of his era. Antonio, a Christian merchant, makes a deal with Shylock, a Jewish moneylender. Shylock uses it as an opportunity to exact revenge by demanding a pound of Antonioââ¬â¢s flesh if he does not meet his end of the bargain. By pitting the majority of his characters against Shylock, Shakespeare portrays Shylock in a way that discriminates against all JewsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice2269 Words à |à 10 PagesSamantha Hansen ENG 314 Brother Brugger 12.15.14 The Question of Shylock It is hard to read The Merchant of Venice without finding at least one character to sympathize with. The unforgettable villain Shylock as well as Portia, Shakespeareââ¬â¢s first and one of his most famous heroines are arguably some of this plays most beloved characters. But, is Shylock really the villain? Or is he a victim of circumstance? Shylockââ¬â¢s insistence for a pound of flesh has made him one of literatures most memorableRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1970 Words à |à 8 Pagesthe titles are reflective of the protagonists featured within. For example, the famous titles of Julius Caesar and Hamlet tell the tragedies of those respective characters. However, when it comes to William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s fourteenth play, The Merchant of Venice, it can be argued that Antonio, the merchant, is not who the play is about. In fact, there is not just one character, but instead multiple that fit the description of the protagonist. The main plot, or rather p lots, of the play revolve aroundRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1315 Words à |à 6 PagesIn The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare the play is based upon the hierarchy between Christian men and Jewish men. A character by the name of Bassanio borrows money from his friend Antonio, and Antonio borrows the money from Shylock to give to Bassanio. Eventually, Antonio cannot pay the money back because his ships have supposedly sunk. Therefore, he comes close to death because he signed a bond with Shylock stating that Shylock would get a pound of his flesh if the bond was not repaidRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words à |à 7 Pagesuseless dialogue can make readers skip over what seems like a false beginning to a good story. But think about this: what if those seemingly lengthy, extra, useless words were actually important? For example, the opening 115 lines of William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s The Merchant of Venice are provide minimal support to the story at first glance. In these lines, Antonio and his friends are discussing the dynamics of happiness and sadness in order to find the root of Antonioââ¬â¢s sad mood. This portion of the play givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Merchant Of Venice988 Words à |à 4 PagesAs I finished reading Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare, I realized that the struggle of the play gyrates around whether justice is truly served and is morality advocated or manipulated by those in authority. The struggle between the principles of justice have caused many readers to question the interaction between the definition of morality and justice. The bond that causes readers to take a closer look throughout the play originates from Shylockââ¬â¢s desire for vengeance and Antonioââ¬â¢s desireRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words à |à 7 Pagesfundamentalist Americans. The ills of money-lending from the Eastern perspective have been fodder for Western literature for centuries, replete with illustrations that mirror the differences and similarities in East-West cultural norms. In William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s The Merchant of Venice, money-lending has gone awry. In Act I, Scene iii, the Italian Antonio seeks to borrow 3,000 ducats from the Jewish Shylock, and Shylock intends to charge him interest, which is against Jewish economic-religious principles (BateRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice2059 Words à |à 9 Pagesin The Merchant of Venice resembles a folktale known as ââ¬Å"A Pound of Fleshâ⬠(325). Artese supports his supposition with background context and parallels between the two story lines. Literary versions of the pound of flesh story circulated during the sixteenth century and were collected since the nineteenth century because of the plotââ¬â¢s longevity and populairity Shakespeare would have been familiar with pound of flesh stories (326). Human commodification is a central issue in both The Merchant of VeniceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1616 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Merchant of Venice offers another unique perspective on crossdressing as it existed on the English Renaissance stage. Howard suggests that Portiaââ¬â¢s crossdressing is ââ¬Å"more disruptive than Violaââ¬â¢sâ⬠(Howard, p. 433) because Portia herself was an unruly woman to begin with. Portia has become the master of her own destiny with the passing of her father, for she is referred to as the Lord of Belmont now that no man exists to fill such a role. What remains of the patriarchal authority, particularly rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-54004998076965015282019-12-17T13:23:00.001-08:002019-12-17T13:23:03.262-08:00Conflict of Characters in Alice Walkers Everyday Use In Alice Walkers Everyday Useâ⬠she creates a conflict between characters. Walker describes a family as they anxiously await the arrival of, Dee, the older sister of the family. When Dee (Wangero) comes home to visit Mrs. Johnson and Maggie, right away the readers see the differences in the family by how they talk, act, and dress. Dee has changed her name to an African name and is collecting the objects and materials of her past. Dee thinks that since she is in college she knows mores then the rest of her uneducated family. She is more educated and looks down on the simple life of her mother and sister. When Dee asks for a beautiful family heirloom quilt to hang on her wall, Mrs. Johnson finally denies her of this task. Mrs. Johnson finally sees that Dee does not want the quilt for the same purpose as Maggie does. Instead, Mrs. Johnson will give Maggie the quilt to keep her and her husband warm. The theme of the importance of heritage becomes clear at this point of the story. Th is theme is shown by Walkers use of conflict, irony, and symbolism. All throughout her short story she incorporates heritage. She describes it as a background feeling between family members, and African heritage to heirlooms that have been in the family line for generations. Dee the older sister takes her heritage for granted by only wanting her heirlooms for her educational purposes. The main conflict of the story is between Mrs. Johnson, Maggie and Dee. Dee arrives home and wants to take aShow MoreRelatedEveryday Use by Alice Walker: A Look at Symbolism and Family Values879 Words à |à 4 PagesAlice Walkers ââ¬Å"Everyday Useâ⬠, is a story about a family of African Americans that are faced with moral issues involving what true inheritance is and who deserves it. Two sisters and two hand stitched quilts become the center of focus for this short story. Walker paints for us the most vivid representation through a third person perspective of family values and how people from the same environment and upbringing can become different types of people. Like most peoples families there is a dynamicRead MoreDead Mens Path Literary Analysis1000 Words à |à 4 PagesMany literatures have different conflicts that are rooted from one person. Then it evolves into multiple conflicts amongst others. ââ¬Å"Dead Menââ¬â¢s Pathâ⬠by Chinua Achebe shows a conflict between a headmaster name Michael Olbi and villagers. A garden at the school is blocking the path to a very special place. Where villagers go. ââ¬Å"Everyday Useâ⬠by Alice Walker shows conflict between Mama, Dee, and Maggie. Dee wants to take the quilts away from her home, but Mama already planned to give the quilts to MaggieRead MoreAn Analysis of Alice Walkers quot;everyday Usequot; Essay929 Words à |à 4 Pagesp An Analysis of Alice Walkers Everyday Usep Alice Walkers novel, The Color Purple, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982. This novel, in addition to her short story collections and other novels, continue to touch the emotions of a vast audience. This ability, according to critics, has solidified her reputation as one of the major figures in contemporary literature (Gwynn 462). Born to sharecroppers in Eatonton, Georgia, in 1944, Alice Walkers life was not always easy. Her parents strived toRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1725 Words à |à 7 Pagesmisrepresent it, especially the younger generations who just accept its presence. Alice Walkerââ¬â¢s short story, ââ¬Å"Everyday Use,â⬠revolves around an African American family that consists of three women, who are very different from each other. The story begins with Maggie and Mama waiting in the yard for Dee, the main character, to visit from Augusta. Dee is the first person in her family to attend college, which creates distance and conflict between her family and her. The narrator, Mama, provides some backgroundRead MoreSymbolic References in Everyday Use by Alice Walker1848 Words à |à 8 PagesSymbolism is the taking of an object big or small, and giving it something to stand for. It could be your everyday math symbols for addition, subtraction, division, and etc. Although math symbols are perfect examples of symbolism, thereââ¬â¢s also objects that can be more than what they are. For example animals, Lions are known to be symbolized as strength, aggression, and assertiveness. Birds like doves are symbolized as love and peace. Colors are also held symbolically, for instance the color blackRead MoreConflict, Irony, and Symbolism in Alice Walkerââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Everyday Useâ⬠754 Words à |à 4 PagesConflict, Irony, and Symbolism in Alice Walkerââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Everyday Useâ⬠In the short story Everyday Use, byà Alice Walker,à tension between characters is evident. When Dee arrives home to visit Mama and Maggie, readers can see the differences in personality between the three characters. Dee has changed her name to Wangero to get closer to her so-called ââ¬Å"cultureâ⬠and is collecting many objects of her past that she did not want before. On her motherââ¬â¢s savings for her, Dee is able to go to college and thereforeRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker923 Words à |à 4 Pagesevery day is a tale of conflict between societyââ¬â¢s upper and lower class. While controversial in the real world, this notion is not far-fetched in the realm of literature. For example, Alice Walkerââ¬â¢s short story ââ¬Å"Everyday Useâ⬠shows prominent signs of tension between classes. When examined from a Marxist perspective, Walkerââ¬â¢s characters in ââ¬Å"Everyday Useâ⬠highlight how each class values items and how survival needs and socie tal expectations differ among classes. To clarify, Walkerââ¬â¢s narrative focuses onRead MoreThe Importance Of Family Heritage By Alice Walker1100 Words à |à 5 PagesSydney Elliott ENGL 102-52 Dr. Irmer February 25, 2015 The Importance of Family Heritage One of the most inspiring authors in American history is Alice Walker. Walker is the youngest child in a sharecropper family that found her overly ambitious and highly competitive (Walker 609). This gave her a strong fighting attitude, which allowed her to make positive changes in an extremely racist society. Unfortunately, when she was young, Walker was accidentally shot in her right eye with a BB gun whileRead MoreEssay on A Psychological Analysis of Alice Walkers Everyday Use883 Words à |à 4 PagesA Psychological Analysis of Alice Walkers Everyday Useà à à à The human mind is divided into three parts that make up the mind as a whole. These parts are necessary to have a complete mind, just as the members of a family are needed to make up the entire family. The use of components to equal a whole is often exercised in literature. Alice Walkers short story, Everyday Use, contains the idea of family and of the mind, therefore her work can be evaluated through psychological methods. ThroughRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1111 Words à |à 5 PagesIn some stories, characters can face conflicts in their culture. Alice Walker highlights and distinguishes the dissimilarities and clichà © of country African American women with the actualities that make up their lives. Characterized by short, compound sentences, with long adjectives and use of literary elements, her style is eloquent conversational and authentic. Alice Walkerââ¬â¢s short story, Everyday Use is stylistic, ironic and narrates profound interpretation of unique views and approaches to African-American rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-77303620558935387812019-12-09T10:05:00.001-08:002019-12-09T10:05:04.050-08:00Copyright Infringement Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp Question: Explain the Law, Infringement of Copyright and the Defenses available for the Company. Answer: Introduction The assignment is contains of the Copyright Act 1987 of Malaysia. The acts of copyright is briefly described with case laws. The famous cases Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha v Allied Pacific Motor (M) Sdn Bhd Anor [2005] 3 MLJ 30 and Microsoft Corporation v Conquest Computer Centre Sdn Bhd [2014] 6 CLJ 876 of copyright act are also briefly described with relevant status . Discussion As per the case law sec-3 of CA 1987 of Copyright act relevant to the case mater of The issue of this Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha v Allied Pacific Motor (M) Sdn Bhd Anor [2005] 3 MLJ 30. The defended copyright the designs of motorcycle without the consent of the copyright owner. Microsoft Corporation v Conquest Computer Centre Sdn Bhd [2014] 6 CLJ 876 case the the defended infringed the copyright ownership of plaintiff. So according the sec 26(4) of the copyright act 1987 the author must prove the contrary. As according the provision, the defendant failed to prove the contrary. Therefore, he made a criminal offence. The law on copyright in Malaysia is come on action by the Copyright Act 1987 from 1 December 1987. Copyright is a form of law, which establishes ownership upon the things that someone invented (San Peng, 2016). The person who is established or inventing the work called author. The ownership that establishes copyright law must contains some rights. Those rights are:Right to develop above the work Right to issue the copiesRight to assign the workRight to show or display the works in publicRight claim the ownership of the workRight to identify any damage or deformationRight to take legal action if any illegal interference damage authors reputation.. Copyright infringement is the right to reproduce, which protects the work from breaking any terms, related that law. A copyright is infringed when someone who is other than the owners does following acts:Rework on that product, perform or play or showed in public or broadcast through a medium of original workWhen someone imports any article in Malaysia without the consent of the owner may infringe the copyright law.Infringing in electronic media also treated as an offence. Copyright infringement is a criminal offence. The minimum fine of RM 2,000 per infringing copy allocated for this criminal offence (Adam, 2016). In Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha v Allied Pacific Motor (M) Sdn Bhd Anor [2005] 3 MLJ 30 case, a popular Japanese company of bikes and cars issued a complain for an interlocutory injunction against a local company of motorcycle for production of two models by them. The first model COMEL MANJA JMP 125 bike model design was infringe from the model HONDA WAVE 125 and COMEL MANJA JMP-100 (GS-5) motorcycle design infringed from the model HONDA EX-5 DREAM. Here, sec-3 of CA 1987 of copyright act establishes the case of copyright infringing fir reproducing the work without the consent of the copyright holder (Sritharan et al.,2015). Malaysia high court gave judgment against the defendant. The court establishes some facts. The complainant has legal rights to sue the local company for damages and can apply injunction to discontinue the publication or handed the infringing models for destroying them by the copyright holder (Zakuan et al.,2016). Microsoft Corporation v Conquest Computer Centre Sdn Bhd [2014] 6 CLJ 876 case the the plaintiff has a business of designing, marketing, producing of computer accessories had a copyright ownership of software named Microsoft. The defendant was a Malaysian company who had used the plaintiffs software in their computer programming without the plaintiffs consent (Sritharan et al.,2015). As per the sec- 26(4) of the copyright act 1987 the copyright holder must have prove of his contrary. The defendant installed one of the software without a license from the plaintiff. As the company fails to prove the contrary, it made a criminal offence (Zakuan et al.,2016). Conclusion The above written assignment provides brief information about infringing of copyright. The following two case laws also established the laws of infringement of copyright. In both cases, the court gave the judgment against because the defendants had infringed the plaintiffs copyright. Reference Sritharan, K., Wee, V. M. E., Chin, R. M. Y., Jong, E. E. M. (2015). A case study: the knowledge and awareness levels of copyright infringement among learners utilising digital technologies in Sunway College Johor Bahru. Zakuan, Z. Z. M., Ismail, I. R., Hamid, R. A., Pauzi, S. F. M. (2016). COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT IN THE ERA OF TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT: A MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVE.Asian journal of social sciences humanities,5(2), 54-61. San, T. P., Peng, S. C. (2016). Legal Issues on Free Software and License Contracts: A Malaysian Perspective. InFree and Open Source Software (FOSS) and other Alternative License Models(pp. 293-309). Springer International Publishing. Adam, A. (2016). A historical analysis of the criminal sanctions in the Malaysian copyright regime (19021969).QUEEN MARY JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY,6(1), 55-74. Azmi, A. G., Madieha, I., Jeong, C. P. (2015).Patent law in Malaysia: cases and commentary. Sweet Maxwell Asia. binti Mohamed, D. (2013). Combating the threats of cybercrimes in Malaysia: The efforts, the cyberlaws and the traditional laws.Computer Law Security Review,29(1), 66-76. Copyright Law in Malaysia: Does the Balance Hold? - [2004] JMCL 2; (2004) 31 Journal of Malaysian and Comparative Law 23. (2017). Commonlii.org. Retrieved 19 April 2017, from https://www.commonlii.org/my/journals/JMCL/2004/2. rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7816304267614453823.post-71039902126464168522019-12-01T21:46:00.001-08:002019-12-01T21:46:02.737-08:00Sociology free essay sample Media and Violence with Music Background Hip-hop music stemmed from a resistance movement in the sass. Rap music, one form of hip-hop, became more mainstream in the late sass and early 1990s. Historically; this form of hip hop was used to voice extreme opposition of dominant culture and represents the struggle of disadvantaged Black youth in urban ghettos of the South Bronx, and later South Central Los Angles. Rap music lyrics have been proven to be extensions of a constant struggle between a dominant White society and the struggle of disadvantaged minorities (mostly Black), to obtain social capital Martinez 1997).This resistance to mainstream society has created an oppositional culture. According to Martinez (1997), the Race Relations theory states that oppositional culture consists of subordinate groups, who use parts of their own culture such as values and resources, to oppose the majority or dominant society In order to survive. Black youth (specifically adolescent males) have formed an oppositional culture because of the disadvantages in their communities, labeled, urban neglect (Martinez 1997). We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This created a resistance that is shown through messages In rap music.Many messages that are portrayed In rap music are often violent In nature, because the artists are speaking about their own communities, where the despair is pervasive enough to have spawned an oppositional culture, that of the streets, whose norms are often consciously opposed to those of mainstream society (Anderson 1994: 82). Violence is so much a part of these disadvantaged communities that a set of Informal rules, which polices personal and group behaviors, has been established and many of the lyrics in rap music reflect a code of the street (Elijah Anderson 1994).According to Elijah Anderson (1994), author f the Code of the Streets, throughout all the problems that poor, disadvantaged black communities face, violence Is the most harmful. For a black youth In this type of disadvantaged community, Anderson (1994) claims that Just living in an environment like this can sculpt a violent identity. Unfortunately these Black youth have no choice but to live by these rules, and accept the amount of violence and crime as a norm that Is In their communities.Violence and Medal Although rap music embodies a well-established culture of violence (Richardson and Scott 2002), violence in the media isnt only reserved to rap music. Violent media has been proven to be associated with involvement in violent behavior (Richardson and Scott 2002). Because youth, especially adolescents look to find people as role models, they often subsequently are choosing those rap artists who speak about oppositional culture and violence. Anderson and Cavalry (2002) found that a part of the way teens identify with lyrics is shown in the aspects of youth (adolescent) Identity development.But teen Identification Isnt Just shaped or Influenced by rap music lyrics. According to the Commission for the Prevention of Youth Violence, by GE 18, the average American youth will have seen 16,000 simulated murders and 20 0,000 acts of violence through different media forms (Richardson and Scott 2002). A Juvenile detention center and an average high school and found that simply a preference for violent media was predictive of personal violence and aggression. They found that even when an individual originally has low aggression, they are still in some way affected by violence in media (Boxer et. L. 2009). Violence in Rap Rap music content however, contains a large amount of violence in comparison with other media outlets. In a study done by Chairs E. Suburb (2005), he found many rap lyrics actually provide Justification for violence on the street and a direct link to willingness to use violence to protect or defend identity and reputation. About 65% of all rap songs in his sample referenced a violent theme and violent retaliation was found in 58% of the sample (Suburb 2005).Suburb also found that listeners hold the street code as a normal order to life and that rap lyrics are actual reproductions of the code that describe black urban street life (Suburb 2005:375). He argues it is important to realize that rap is a characterization of urban life. It is clear that as notations in the inner city have gotten worse in the last 10 years, the prevalence of street code has risen (Anderson 1994). Suburb states that these conditions have defined the context in which rap has emerged (Suburb 2005:365).Thus, since violence is extremely prevalent in rap music lyrics, and held highly by those who can identify most with it, perhaps it could have a significant influence on adolescent rap fans of different races. Conclusion Violence in rap music is proven to be pervasive and also, like other media outlets that contain a high amount of aggression and violent acts, it does affect how a youth identifies with it. Lyrics in rap music are a reflection of an oppositional culture and can therefore aid in shaping an adolescents violent social identity. Sociology free essay sample Childhood as a Social Construct: * Pilcher (1995) notes that the most important feature of modern childhood is ââ¬Ëseparatenessââ¬â¢ from adulthood ââ¬â it is seen as a clear and distinct LIFE STAGE. * Children in our society have a different status to the adults and have different expectations of them. * This is emphasised in several ways, such as: * Laws which regulate what children can and canââ¬â¢t do. * Difference in dress, for young children especially. Through goods and services especially for children such as food, toys, books and play areas. * Related is the idea of childhood as being a ââ¬Ëgolden ageââ¬â¢ of innocence and happiness. * This innocence means that children are considered to be vulnerable and in need or protection. * Children need to be ââ¬Ëshieldedââ¬â¢ from the hardships of the adult world. * As a result of this, childrenââ¬â¢s lives are lived largely within the confines of the family and education where they are provided for and protected by the adults. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They lead lives of leisure and play unlike adults. * Wagg (1992): ââ¬ËChildhood is socially constructed. It is, in other words, what members of particular societies, at particular times and in particular places, say it is. There is no single universal childhood, experienced by all. So, childhood isnââ¬â¢t ââ¬Ënaturalââ¬â¢ and should be distinguished from mere biological immunity. ââ¬â¢ * All humans go through the same stages of development; different cultures construct and define this process differently. In the Western world, children are defined as weak, vulnerable and unable to care for themselves, however other cultures do not take this view. * A good way to see these differences is to take a comparative approach, for instance: * Punchââ¬â¢s (2001) study of childhood in RURAL BOLIVIA found that at around the age of five, children were expected to take on work responsibilities in the home and community. * Firth (1970) found that among the TIKOPIA of the WESTERN PACIFIC doing as an adult tells you is a concession of respect from the child and not a ight to be expected by the adult. * Holmesââ¬â¢ (1974) study of SAMOAN people found that ââ¬Ëtoo youngââ¬â¢ is not an acceptable excuse for not allowing a child to carry out a particular task: ââ¬ËWhether it be the handling of dangerous tools or the carrying of extremely heavy loads, if a child thinks he can handle the activity, parents do not objectââ¬â¢. * Aries (1960): ââ¬Ëthe idea of childhood did not existââ¬â¢. Children were not seen as having a different nature or needs to the adults after they had passed the stage of physical dependence during infanc y. During the Middle Ages, children were essentially ââ¬Ëmini-adultsââ¬â¢, with the same rules and punishments applying to both. * Aries states that elements of the modern childhood began to emerge from the 13th Century onwards: * Schools: (which adults had previously also attended) came to specialise exclusively in the education of the young. This reflected the influence of the church, which increasingly saw children as ââ¬Ëfragile creatures of Godââ¬â¢ in need of protection and discipline from worldly evils. * Clothing: Children and adults began to dress differently. By the 17th Century, an upper-class boy would wear something ââ¬Ëreserved for his own age groupââ¬â¢ which would set him apart from the adults. * Parenting Books: childrearing handbooks were widely available by the 18th Century ââ¬â a sign of increasingly child-centric values in the family, at least in the middle classes. * Aries claims that these ^ developments have caused the ââ¬Ëcult of childhoodââ¬â¢ and that we have moved form a time that did not find anything notable in childhood to one where we are obsessed with it. * He describes the 20th Century as ââ¬Ëthe century of childhoodââ¬â¢. Pollock (1983) argues that previously there was just a different idea of what childhood was, not that it did not exist. * Ariesââ¬â¢ work is valuable though as it provides evidence for the theory that childhood is a social construct. Has The Position of Children Improved? * March of Progress: Standards of living for children have been steadily improving and have never bee n as good as they are today. Todayââ¬â¢s children are more valued, cared for, protected, educated, enjoy better health care and have more rights than those that came before them. In 1900, the infant mortality rate was 154 in every 1,000 births, now it is just 5. * Smaller family sizes (from 5. 7 births per woman to just 1. 84 in 2006) and better living standards mean that parents can provide properly for their children. Studies suggest that by the time a child reaches its 21st birthday, they will have cost their parents up to ? 186,000 (Liverpool Victoria, 2007). * Declining family size and lowering infant mortality rates are encouraging parents to make a greater financial and emotional investment in fewer children. Donzelot (1977) observes how theories on child development began to emphasise the need for supervision and protection of children. * Laws and policies now apply specifically to children, placing minimum ages of activities such as drinking, driving and sex, and these h ave reinforced the idea of a ââ¬Ëseparatenessââ¬â¢ between children and adults. * MOP sociologists argue that the family is now ââ¬Ëchild-centredââ¬â¢; children should no long be seen-and-not-heard as in Victorian times. * Parents invest emotionally in their children like never before, and often have high aspirations for them to have better jobs and lives than they had. Society is also ââ¬Ëchild-centredââ¬â¢ now, as well with many media and leisure facilities geared specifically towards children. The Conflict View: * Conflict Sociologists (Marxists and Feminists) dispute the MOP concept because they argue that society is based around conflicts between different social classes or genders with some people with more power than others. * These sociologists argue that the concept of modern childhood is false and idealistic and ignores inequalities. They criticise MOP on two key points: * There are inequalities AMONG CHILDREN in terms of opportunities and risks as many are still unprotected and poorly cared for. * There are inequalities between CHILDREN AND ADULTS and they are greater than ever before: children today are being more greatly controlled, oppressed and are therefore increasingly dependent upon adults. Inequalities Between Children: * Not all children have the same status and experience: some boys attend Eton College, some a state comprehensive. * Children of different ationalities experience different childhoods and opportunities, 90% of the worldââ¬â¢s low birth-weight babies are born in the Third world. * There are GENDER differences too, Hillman (1993) notes that boys are more likely to go be allowed to cross the road or go out and play by themselves than girls and Bonke (1999) found that girls were more likely to do more domestic labour, particularly within LPFs, where they do five times more housework than b oys. * There are also ETHNIC differences: Brannenââ¬â¢s (1994) study of 15-16 year olds showed Asian parents as much more likely to be strict to their daughters: honour killings. Bhatti (1999) found that izzat (family honour) could be restrictive of girlââ¬â¢s behaviour particularly. Inequalities Between Children and Adults: * MOP writers believe that adults use the power they have over children for their protection, as in the passing of child labour laws. * However, Firestone (1979) and Holt (1974) argue that what the MOP writers see as protection is just cleverly disguised oppression. * Firestone argues that ââ¬Ëprotectionââ¬â¢ from paid work is not a benefit but just serves to segregate children, make them dependent upon adults and therefore subject to their control. These critics hold a view known as ââ¬Ëchild liberationalismââ¬â¢ as they see the need to free children from adult control and abuse. This abuse takes a number of forms: * Neglect and Abuse: physica l neglect or physical, sexual or emotional abuse is an extreme form of adult control. In 2006 alone, 31,400 children were on child protection registers because they were deemed to be in potentially unsafe living environments, at risk mostly from their own parents. ChildLine receives over 20,000 calls a year from children saying theyââ¬â¢ve been physically or sexually abused which reveals a ââ¬Ëdark sideââ¬â¢ to the family. Childrenââ¬â¢s Space: shops may display signs banning schoolchildren from their shops, shopping centres and public areas are more highly surveyed particularly during school hours, and fears about road safety and ââ¬Ëstranger dangerââ¬â¢ have led to more children being driven to school by parents and prevented from travelling alone. Cunningham (2007) found that the ââ¬Ëhome habitatââ¬â¢ (where children may travel unaccompanied) has shrunk to one 9th of what it used to be. * Childrenââ¬â¢s Time: adults in todayââ¬â¢s society control chi ldrenââ¬â¢s daily outines: when they eat, sleep, wake up, are at school or at home, when they work, when they play. Therefore, they control the speed at which a child ââ¬Ëgrows upââ¬â¢. They decide if a child is old enough nor not, and this contrasts with Holmesââ¬â¢ findings among Samoans ââ¬â ââ¬Ëtoo youngââ¬â¢ is never given as a reason not to let a child perform a task. * Childrenââ¬â¢s Bodies: adults can control how a child sits, walks or runs, what they wear, how they have their hair, if their ears are pierced, and in certain situations can touch them ââ¬â to wash them, dress them, feet them or to show affection. However, adults can also restrict how a child touches its own body. * Access to Resources: children have limited ways in which they can earn money, so remain dependent upon adults. Compulsory schooling and child labour laws exclude them from all but the most marginal, poorly paid, part-time jobs. Child benefit does not go to the child; pocket money may be given for good behaviour, but may also be restricted to certain objects. Age Patriarchy: * The power the father has over the rest of the family. * This can assert itself in the form of violence against both children and women. Humphreys and Thiara (2002): found a quarter of the women in their study of 200 left their abusive partner because they feared for their children. * This supports the view of Gittins (1998) that patriarchy oppresses both women and children. * Evidence (Hockey and James, 1993) that children find childhood oppressive comes from looking at how they resist it: * ââ¬ËActing upââ¬â¢: engaging in activities tha t adults can but they canââ¬â¢t, such as drinking, swearing, smoking, joy-riding and under-age sex. ââ¬ËActing downââ¬â¢: behaving in ways that are associated with younger children, such as baby-talk, or being carried. * Hockey and James conclude that this proves that children wish to escape childhood. * Critics of the child liberationalists argue that some control needs to be exercised over childrenââ¬â¢s lives because they are unable to make certain decisions for themselves. * It is also argued that children are not as helpless as claimed, as they have legal rights to be protected and consulted. The Future of Childhood: The Disappearance of Childhood: * Postman (1994) comments that childhood is ââ¬Ëdisappearing at a dazzling speedââ¬â¢. * He points out that children are being given the same rights as adults, dressing the same as adults and even committing ââ¬Ëadultââ¬â¢ crimes like murder. * This, he argues, is to do with the rise and fall of print culture and the advent of television culture. * During the MIDDLE AGES, as most people were illiterate, speech was the only skill required to participate in the adult world, so children could join at an early age. Childhood was not a concept; there was no division between a childââ¬â¢s world and an adultââ¬â¢s. * Childhood emerged with mass literacy: there was suddenly a division between the adults who could read and the children who could not. This meant that adults could keep knowledge of sex, death, illness, and other ââ¬Ëadult thingsââ¬â¢ secret from the children. These things faded into mystery and childhood became associated with innocence and ignorance from the 19th Century onwards. Television blurs the line between child and adult, destroying the ââ¬Ëknowledge hierarchyââ¬â¢. Unlike reading, television requires no special skills and therefore makes the same information available to both adults and children. Adult authority diminishes and childhoodââ¬â¢s innocence is replaced with knowledge and cynicism. * The opposite of this is the disappearance of adulthood ââ¬â where adultââ¬â¢s and childrenââ¬â¢s tastes and styles become indistinguishable. * Postmanâ â¬â¢s study details how communication technology can influence the way childhood is constructed. However, he over-emphasised television as the single cause of this change and neglected to discuss others such as improved living conditions and changes in the law. A Separate Childhood Culture: * Opie (1993), however, argues the opposite. * Based on a lifetimeââ¬â¢s research into childrenââ¬â¢s games, rhymes and songs conducted with her husband, she argues that evidence strongly suggests that a separate childrenââ¬â¢s culture has existed for many years. * These findings contradict Postman ââ¬â their studies show that children can and do create their own separate lives/cultures. The Globalisation of Western Childhood: * Child liberationalists argue that childhood is not disappearing, quite the contrary ââ¬â it is spreading. * Through GLOBALISATION, the western concept of childhood is being exported and imposed upon other cultures thanks to international humanitarian organisations and welfare agencies. * Campaigns against child labour and street children in the Third World reflect Western ideas about the norms of childhood, while not taking into account the culture of the countries they are campaigning to change. Contradictory Trends ââ¬â the Reconstruction of Childhood? * Some writers are concerned that children are experiencing what Palmer (2006) dubbed as the ââ¬Ëtoxic childhoodââ¬â¢. * Advances in technology and cultural changes in the last 25 years have stunted childrenââ¬â¢s emotional, physical and intellectual development. * These changes include: junk food, computer games, intensive marketing, the long hours worked by parents and the emphasis on testing in education. Young peopleââ¬â¢s behaviour has also raised concerns ââ¬â Margo and Dixon (2006) reported that the UKââ¬â¢s youth are at or near to the top of the international league tables for obesity, self-harm, substance abuse, under-age sexual activity and teenage pregnancy. * Such observations induce an anxiety that childhood as an innocent and protected life-stage is under threat. This is hard to prove, however, for two reasons: * Not universal: not all children experience the same childhood. * Which aspect of childhood are we talking about? Some suggest the continuation of childhood as a separate life-stage, others do not: * Rights: though children have more rights, they are not totally equal to adults and remain under their authority. * Similarities: between adults and childrenââ¬â¢s dress sense, food and activities. * Education: the extension of compulsory and non-compulsory education has made young-adults economically dependet ââ¬Ëchildrenââ¬â¢ for longer. * Freedom: ââ¬Ëstranger dangerââ¬â¢ has meant children freely roam in smaller spaces than ever efore. * Childhood may be disappearing due to the ââ¬Ëageing populationââ¬â¢ there are more old people and fewer young people in the world. * Qvortrup (1990) argues that as the numbers of adults with dependent children decreases, the number of voices calling for resources to go to children decreases with it. * As families become smaller, childhood may become a lonelier and isolated period as there will be fewer children around. * However, the relativ e scarcity of children may cause people to value them more highly. rhondagardner191http://www.blogger.com/profile/02737903049554359066noreply@blogger.com0